Race & Ethnicity Test 1

Front 1

Nationality

Back 1

Where a person retains citizenship

Front 2

Race

Back 2

the assumption of innate characteristics based on real or imagined physical characteristics

Front 3

Ethnicity

Back 3

used to classify immigrants according to their cultural traits; shared categorization of people based on factors like shared cultural values, nationality, language, religion & gender roles.

Hint 3

Ex. my ethnicity=Italian

Front 4

Racial Hierarchies

Back 4

ranking of races first created by Blumenbach; dominant group=those who originally wrote the racial hierarchy placing themselves on top and subordinate groups below them.

Front 5

Ideological Racism

Back 5

established through science; considers a groups physical characteristics to determine their psychological and intellectual characteristics, determining the difference between “inferior & superior” groups.

Hint 5

ex. Nazi Germany used ideological racism to the extreme

Front 6

Johann Blumenbach

Back 6

first to create racial hierarchies & said that “people from the caucus mountains were the best humans… slavery was needed to keep racial difference”

Front 7

Samuel Morton-

Back 7

used science to prove one race superior over another by collecting skulls from all over the globe, filling them with sand, and concluding that white skulls (bc they could hold the most) were the smartest.

Front 8

Josiah Nott-

Back 8

“slavery was needed to keep racial difference; he believed whites and blacks should never mix bc if so the race would evolve”

Front 9

Individual Racism

Back 9

an act of an individual against members of another group.

Hint 9

ex. bombings at black churches in 1960’s

Front 10

Institutional Racism

Back 10

racism written into the law & common social practice within a country against a group.

Hint 10

ex. segregation; separate water fountains and buses… before 1865 racism was written into the constitution.

Front 11

Formative Wave, 1607-1820

Back 11

Jamestown established in 1607 majority being English to escape the church of England and small amounts of Jews.

Front 12

First Wave Immigration, 1820-1880-

Back 12

other groups began arising… Germans came in large numbers during 20’s, 30’s, 40’s; Irish came due to potato famine, Chinese settled on pacific coast.

Front 13

Second Wave of Immigration, 1880-1920-

Back 13

1880’s laws prevented Chinese from migrating; also immigrants from eastern Europe & western Russia (Poland, Hungary, Italy)

Front 14

4 Types of Migration: Voluntary

Back 14

came bc you wanted to

Front 15

4 Types of Migration: Forced

Back 15

brought against your will

Hint 15

ex. slavery

Front 16

4 Types of Migration: Economic/Labor

Back 16

come to US to make money & support family by finding work… majority came for this reason.

Front 17

4 Types of Migration: Displaced Persons

Back 17

come to escape political regim or war in home country

Hint 17

ex. Castro and the Cubans

Front 18

Push Factor-

Back 18

something that makes you leave home country

Hint 18

Ex. famine, war, UE, bad government

Front 19

Pull Factor-

Back 19

something that makes you come to US

Hint 19

Ex. religious freedom, job security

Front 20

Assimilation-

Back 20

When the minority adopts the heritage, and traditions of the dominate group… some want this and others don’t.

Hint 20

Acculturation- same as assimilation

Front 21

Anglo- Conformity-

Back 21

where groups give up everything to be like the WASPS.

Front 22

Melting- Pot Ideal-

Back 22

each group contributes some of their culture to what America is today; keeping some & taking some from WASPS.

Front 23

Cultural Pluralism-

Back 23

don’t believe in ^ & keep their cultures to themselves.

Front 24

WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)-

Back 24

looked down on anyone that was not a WASP, the dominant group, Protestant Christians… Anglo-Saxon- Germans that invaded England & became rulers; Protestant- not catholic

Front 25

Other European Colonies in North America-

Back 25

French, Dutch & Spanish… were not in US to establish permanent residence.

Front 26

1629-1640 1st Migration (went to Massachusetts)-

Back 26

didn’t agree with the way the church was set up in England, which is called, Separatist (Puritans; Pilgrims) went to Mass. on mayflower.

Front 27

John Winthrop-

Back 27

first governor of Massachusetts, famous for “City on A Hill” sermon that meant that they should seek to be a positive influence on England and new world settlements.

Front 28

Families-

Back 28

Separatists came over in family groups, were literate, and had money, were blacksmiths & carpenters.

Front 29

1642-1672 2nd Migration (went to Virginia)-

Back 29

different from MA due to ability for growth of crops and opportunity for cash crop Chesapeake Bay lots of mosquitoes that killed many.

Front 30

Joint-Stock Company (Jamestown)-

Back 30

people who get together and put their money to an expedition to the new world, found gold and silver, it was an investment

Front 31

Indentured Servants

Back 31

85% of all people going to VA (got a ticket to America paid for in exchange for working from 3-7 years on a farm, they were cheated out of their work), other 15% aristocrats.

Front 32

1675-1725 3rd Migration (went to Pennsylvania; middle colony)-

Back 32

mainly made up of Quakers Best of both Massachusetts and Virginia… similar to Separatists…

Hint 32

• Pacifists- won’t serve in the English army.
• Believed all men were created equal & English did not like them
• Open to all religions and traveled in families

Front 33

William Penn-

Back 33

died in English army and was owed money that he wanted to contribute to the Quakers and himself through land which is modern day PA.

Front 34

Ethnic Pluralism-

Back 34

practiced more than one ethnicity in an area by the Quakers in PA.

Front 35

Folkways

Back 35

Government=Power
Puritans- elders took care of town, everyone had voice.
Virginia- power=money
Quakers- county commission represented everyone


Social Structure=society
Puritans- middle class, no extremes
Virginia- Rigid hierarchal structure
Quakers- believed everyone was equal

Freedom
Puritans- “ordered liberty” gave up some individual freedom for group
Virginia- whites=free, blacks=slaves
Quakers- first 10 amendments taken from Quakers -> trial by jury, freedom of religion

Front 36

Beriniga-

Back 36

a land bridge that stretched between Russia & Alaska allowing the first Americans to chase down game herds into the new land… first to come were hunters and gatherers.

Front 37

Anasazi-

Back 37

very advanced tribe, built 500 miles of irrigation ditches, sending goods everywhere and bringing in trade goods of meat. Well-connected, built cities into sides of mountains…

Hint 37

• One of the most advanced Anasazi groups were Mesa Verde… broke up into smaller groups to make crops to feed smaller amounts of people

Front 38

Cahokia-

Back 38

on Mississippi River… largest city in America at 1300 A.D. had over 20,000 people… able to form because of agriculture. Built dirt pyramids so their priest would be able to reach closer to the sun & mounds for burial… drought hits area and city breaks up just like Anasazi so people move to the southeast to live.

Front 39

Algonquian-

Back 39

world that the young Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh, was raised.

Front 40

The horse and its effects on American Indian tribes-

Back 40

Plains Indians instead of going from hunters and gathering to agriculture they switch, they go from agriculture to hunting and gathering because of the horse that allows them to follow Buffalo herds very effectively.

Hint 40

Ex. Sioux Indians: abandon agriculture to chase Buffalo across the Great Plains… Indian family becomes polygamist after the horse and the warrior outlook.

Front 41

Tecumseh-

Back 41

preached to Ohio, Illinois, Indiana Indian tribes about the necessity of an alliance to stop white expansion… died during war of 1812… dream unrealized.

Front 42

Transatlantic Slave Trade [Triangle Trade]-

Back 42

slaves to the Americas from A; cotton, sugar & tobacco taken to Europe from US; Europe sends rum & manufactured goods to Africa… 12.5 million slaves taken from Africa to new world but 2 million died along the way…

Hint 42

• Roman & Greek slaves were all white, part of the family.

Front 43

Chattel Slavery-

Back 43

moved from Africa to New World

Front 44

Bartolome de las Casas-

Back 44

Indians had bad immune systems & Spanish worked them to death for gold & silver… Hati & DR mistreated Indians, therefore missionaries had trouble converting native Americans to Christianity & wanted this to end… “we can have AA replace Indians bc they don’t have souls-not human”… regretting saying that.

Front 45

Sugar [Barbados]-

Back 45

largest sugarcane growing island besides Jamaica

Front 46

North American Slavery [No Guarantee Slavery would take hold in North America]-

Back 46

indentures servants brought to new world to handle tobacco crops… this number decreased bc better work opportunities offered in England.

Front 47

English stereotypes of blacks

Back 47

Black = evil, impure, sin & devil/White = good, pure, God, Christianity

Front 48

Animalistic/ sexual intensity [Savagery]-

Back 48

English were introduced to Africans & apes at same time, thinking them equal… African culture did not wear clothes & zero inhibitions about sex -> opposite from conservative and proper English.

Front 49

African Slave Trade

Back 49

Prisoners of War/ Debtors/ Criminals

Hint 49

Europeans make agreements to slave with Kings or Queens/ trade slaves for firearms, trinkets, trade goods…

Front 50

Europeans build fort/ slave factory-

Back 50

all had dungeons where slaves would be kept until carried to new world… called factories bc they produced slaves.

Front 51

Step 1 Getting Slaves: Krumen

Back 51

Africans hired by the Kings & Queens that took Africans from interior by hitting them over the head and capturing.

Front 52

Step 1:Shackling-

Back 52

bind the slaves together with ropes and chains that didn’t come off until they reached the new world… shackles bound them to each other.

Front 53

Step 2 Holding Tanks: Barracoons-

Back 53

cage with sticks that was tightly bound tg… food handed in thought the outsides- if in the middle you did not eat… 200-300 slaves piled in for 2-3 months… died of disease due to malnutrition, dead bodies & bathroom stuff.

Front 54

Step 2 Holding Tanks:• Slave factory dungeons-

Back 54

same conditions as barracoons except no light ventilation bc small room with one door where food was passed in… eyesight fucked up.

Front 55

Step 2 ½. Transportation to ship

Back 55

journey from shore to ship in slave canoes was the last chance for slaves to escape by tipping the canoe.

Front 56

Step 3 Middle Passage-
Tight

Back 56

tight= most ships practiced this method, take more slaves than ship can carry bc they made a profit on “lost cargo” if slaves died due to disease-> diarrhea… placed on shelves for 3 months.

Front 57

Step 3 Middle Passage- Lose

Back 57

Loose= captains took enough slaves they knew they could feed and care for on the journey, more humane slave captain.

Front 58

Step 3: Conditions of the Ship

Back 58

1.7 million slaves died during the middle passage, conditions very harsh, slaves drowned that had malnutrition or diseased… dehydration, smell, br shit, muscle loss, no exercise.

Front 59

Step 4 Seasoning-
Slave Auction-

Back 59

held in slave yard or steps of court houses… groomed using animal fat to bring out muscle tone… very humiliating process… female slaves used for pleasure.

Front 60

What effects the price of slaves?-

Back 60

healthy males went for highest price, looked at teeth & body parts, strength to work in fields.

Front 61

"Seasoner”

Back 61

slaves taught basic English to understand the work they must complete… punished if they did not understand

Hint 61

->Caribbean hotbox aka whippings.

Front 62

Pennsylvania Dutch [Deutche]-

Back 62

Germans migrate to the Americas due to bountiful crops, religious freedom, and no large scale wars… English call them “Dutch” due to blonde hair and blue eyes when settling in Pennsylvania back country… English like them due to intellect, wealth, and value in large families…

Hint 62

Best wheat growers in US, great farmers… saved US agriculture
Well-liked by wasps
Neat & tidy immaculate large houses
Honest, hard working, industrious, protestant, middle class with money!

Front 63

19th Century Germans-

Back 63

6 mill during first wave immigration…

Front 64

19th Century Lower Class

Back 64

lived in tenements (harsh conditions & died frequently), suffered from potato famine, worked in harsh factories, fought with Irish bc they were catholic

Front 65

19th Century Middle Class

Back 65

proto-factories in germany therefore middle class shoemakers, etc. lost their jobs… majority.

Front 66

19th Century Upper Class

Back 66

also known as the “48ers” became huge abolitionist due to education and wealth and also due to the fact that they knew what it felt like to be under ruling.

Hint 66

**Chain Migration- sending one family member over at a time.

Front 67

19th Century Germans: Location-

Back 67

Primarily settled in mid-west away from the WASPs & even in some cities it was ALL German… also stayed in isolated villages.

Front 68

19th Century Germans: Culture-

Back 68

Kirchendeutschen churches that gave sermons in German… also had activities for the German community, dinners, political conferences, centers for culture. Also had schools attached that only taught in German, German heritage, culture & traditions.

Hint 68

Vereinsdeutschen- dancing, German singing, literary clubs, talk politics, not associated with the church… community run activities that often took place in a beer run/tavern.

Front 69

Germans in America-

Back 69

Germans become assimilated bc you can only marry so many German families, the kids of these couples were not familiar with German culture… German culture becomes weakened.

Hint 69

• WASPs loved the Germans due to money, location, numbers leading to positive stereotypes… based other immigrants off of them.
**German Day!

Front 70

World War I-

Back 70

Germany, Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
VS
Britain, France and Russia (and eventually America)

Hint 70

War starts when an Austria-Hungary important figure was assassinated… no one thought it would be as big as it was. Went to war for the first time with machine guns, rifles, new weapons, gas, etc.
Millions of people were killed… starts in 1914… Americans split between Britain and Germany.

Front 71

Anti-German attitudes-

Back 71

Germany invades France by going through Belgium and the Netherlands treating them very badly… stealing their food and destroying their towns… violence. Germany continued to do stupid things such as the ordeal with the ship bombings… Lusitania (almost as big as the Titanic) sunk very quickly by a German ship.

Front 72

Zimmerman Telegram-

Back 72

1917 from Germany to Mexico to invade the US, Mexico said no and the US found out about this plan => therefore leading to the war.

Hint 72

*26 states passed the anti-German language laws

Front 73

Robert Prager-

Back 73

American of German descent who got fucked over bc they thought he was a spy… put in jail and killed.

Front 74

World War II-

Back 74

German Americans not treated as badly as before… US were anti-Hitler… ???