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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What animal has the highest reported incidence of rabies in the US and what is a close second?
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Raccoon, with skunk a close second
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The majority of rare human cases of rabies occurred due to exposure with what animal?
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bats
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Describe the rabies virus in terms of what family it is in, the genome, and the structure
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Rabies is a rhabdovirus that is a zoonotic agent with a -ssRNA genome and an envelope glycoprotein
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What is the major land animal in Kentucky with rabies?
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Skunk
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How does one contract the rabies virus and where in the body does it replicate?
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Rabies is contracted after a bite, scratch, or exposure to saliva of an infected animal; the initial replication of the virus is in the striated muscle using the acetlycholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction
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How does the rabies virus spread and to where does it spread?
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It infects the nerve endings and spreads via the motor and sensory axons to the spinal cord, brain, and salivary gland
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Describe the incubation period of the rabies virus
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It is long and variable, depending on the initial site of exposure and distance from the CNS
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What are the initial prodrome symptoms of the rabies virus?
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Fever, malaise, tingling or numbness around the site of exposure
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Describe the progressive neurological symptoms of a rabies infection
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hypertonic muscle activity, hyperactivity, convulsions, paralysis, hydrophobia, and death following coma due to encephalitis
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After the appearance of neurological symptoms, where can the virus be found and is a possible means of transmission?
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The virus is found in the salivary glands and can get into the saliva and be a mode of transmission
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What type of therapy can be given for the rabies virus after the appearance of symptoms?
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There is no effective therapy after symptoms have appeared, patients must be treated directly afterand before symptoms appear
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What should be given to a person exposed to the rabies virus?
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Post-exposure prophylaxis protocols should be initiated which include passive immunization with human rabies immune globulin (RIg) at the wound site, active immunization with the inactivated rabies virus vaccine, three booster doses of inactivated vaccine at 3,7,and 14 days post exposure
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Who should receive pre-exposure rabies vaccine and what does it entail?
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Persons with occupational risk such as park rangers, vets, researchers, peace corps workers; includes a series of 3 doses of inactivated virus vaccine and a single booster every 1-2 years
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With what are wildlife vaccinated against rabies?
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live-recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine
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What is a prion?
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A proteinaceous infectious particle that is encoded by the host genome but an abnormal conformation exists in the disease state
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What is the structural difference between normal prions and infectious prion proteins?
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A conformational change occurs leading to increased beta sheets and less alpha helices in the infectious particle
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What genetic alterations are associated with familial prion diseases rather than sporadic?
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A polymorphism at codon #129 containing a methionine instead of a valine causes one to be more susceptible to iatrogenic CJD
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What are the various forms of prion disease?
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CJD, exogenous origin disease such as kuru and vCJD, and familial/genetic prion diseases (Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomina, and familial CJD)
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What is fatal familial insomnia?
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Genetic form of prion disease with a mutant forms of the prion
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What is CJD?
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A rare sporadic disease which occurs mostly in elderly
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What is variant CJD?
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CJD assumed to have been acquired from eating food products from cattle with BSE
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What is kuru?
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A human disease seen in the Fore tribe obtained from eating the brains of dead relatives
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What are two important prion diseases in domestic animals?
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scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle
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What are the etiological relationships of scrapie, BSE, and vCJD?
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Sheep material infected with scrapie was added to cow feed, which caused cows to contract BSE, and humans eating infected cow contracted vCJD
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What is unusual about the infectious nature of prions in terms of sterilization?
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Prions are resistant to conventional and chemical inactivation protocols for viruses and bacteria, allowing for the prions to be transferred to other patients via instruments from surgical procedures
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How are new infectious prions formed?
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The mutated prions are though to induce misfolding of normal prions, leading to infectious activity
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