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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was heed their rising voices
who placed it |
an ad
committee to defend mlk and the struggle for freedom in the south |
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who did the ad criticize?
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southern violators of the constitution
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how many subscribers were there to the NYT in alabama?
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394
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how did the suers learn about the NYT ad?
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Alabama Journal wrote a story about the ad.
Montgomery Adviser read the story, wrote an editorial. suers read that |
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who first demanded a retraction?
second? |
city commissioner sullivan
governor patterson |
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nyt gave _____ a retraction
nyt didn't give ________ a retraction |
nyt gave gov. patterson a retraction
nyt didn't give commissioner sullivan a retraction |
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why did nyt deny sullivan's retraction?
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didn't think ad referred to sullivan (southern violators of the constitution)
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why did nyt grant governor patterson's retraction?
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because Southern violators might refer to a governor
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who all did sullivan decide to sue?
why? |
nytimes, 4 alabama ministers with their names on the ad
to keep it in the state courts (defendants must be all from out of state to go to federal court, so this was a way of keeping it local) |
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14th amendment
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1. due process of law (no right guaranteed by the constitution can be denied)
2. equal protection of law to all people |
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plessy v. ferguson
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state-enforced segregation did not deny equal protection. constitutional
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brown v. board of education
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separate but equal is inherently unequal, in schools and elsewhere
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nyt general lawyer
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louis loeb (lord, day & lord)
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nyt hired Alabama lawyer
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Embry (beddow, embry, and beddow)
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jury slants?
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12 white men
Alabama Journal publishes names, so they have local pressure |
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sullivan's argument that he is in the ad?
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ad says that police tear gassed, locked students in the dining hall. city commissioner oversees police department, implicates him.
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libel cases precedents
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damages presumed
defendant has to prove that the "libel" is actually true |
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effect of Jones' ruling to free speech?
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Libel is not protected by the 1st Amendment. impossible to write about Southern racism without being sued.
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