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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 accessory sex glands?
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Prostate
Ampulla Vesicular Bulbourethral |
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What are 2 functions of the testes?
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To produce sperm
To produce hormones |
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What does the spermatic cord contain?
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Ductus deferens
Testicular artery/vein Nerves and lymphatics Pampiniform plexus Mesoductus and mesorchium Surrounding vaginal tunic |
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Which muscle does the cremaster muscle come from?
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Internal abdominal oblique m.
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What is the function of the ductus deferens?
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Transports sperm to distal urethra for ejaculation by smooth muscle wall contraction
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Where does the ductus deferens start come from?
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Tail of epididymis
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What is the pampiniform plexus?
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A plexus of veins surrounding the tortuous testicular artery
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Why do the testes live outside the body?
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Because sperm cannot develop at core body temperature (except for elephants, dolphins etc.)
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What are testiconda?
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Animals with intra-abdominal testes
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What structure do the testes descend through?
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Inguinal canal
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Where does the inguinal canal start and finish?
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Start - deep inguinal ring - space at end of internal abdominal oblique m.
End - superficial inguinal ring - opening in aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique m. |
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When do the testicles descend in cats and dogs?
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Cats - 2-5 days after birth
Dogs - last few days of gestation and first few days after |
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When do testicles descend in the horse?
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Last few months ( after 9 months) of gestation and first few days after birth
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When do testicles descend in the cow and sheep?
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Cow - 3.5-4 months
Sheep - mid-gestation |
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When do testicles descend in the pig?
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After 85 days of gestation
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Describe the gubernaculum's role in testicle descent
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Structure that extends from gonad to potential scrotum and guides testicle to scrotum
Upper part degenerates; lower part remains as scrotal ligament |
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What are the fascia layers from superficial to deep of the testes?
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Skin
Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster muscle and fascia Internal spermatic fascia Parietal vaginal tunic Vaginal cavity Visceral vaginal tunic Tunica albuginea |
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From which muscles do the ext. spermatic fascia, cremaster m. and int. spermatic fascia arise?
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External spermatic fascia - external abdominal oblique m.
Cremaster muscle - internal abdominal oblique Internal spermatic fascia - transversus abdominis |
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Difference between a closed and open castration?
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Closed keeps vaginal tunic intact
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Name the 3 gubernacular ligament remnants
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Ligament of the tail of the epididymis - from epididymis tail to parietal vaginal tunic
Scrotal ligament - parietal vaginal tunic to scrotum Proper ligament - from testes to epididymis tail |
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What do you call this axis of testicle?
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Vertical long axis - found in ox and sheep
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What is this axis called?
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Horse and dog - horizontal
Pig and cat - tilted towards the anus |
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What is the appearance of the testicular artery and from where does it arise?
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Very convoluted distally
Abdominal aorta |
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Where do the testicular veins leave?
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Into caudal vena cava
Left testicular artery goes into left renal vein first |
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What are the functions of this vascular complex?
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Venous blood cools incoming arterial blood
Decreases arterial pulse Counter current exchange of small molecules e.g. testosterone |
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What is the rete testis?
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Where things from the seminiferous tubules drain into
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What do the seminiferous tubules consist of?
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Sertoli cells and gametes
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What does the interstitial tissue consist of?
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Leydig cells or interstitial cells
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What is the function of Leydig cells?
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Produce sex hormones (androgens)
e.g. testosterone |
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What is the function of testosterone?
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Essential for seminiferous tubule function
Causes secondary sexual characteristics |
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What happens to testosterone once it's produced?
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Aromatised to oestrogen and reduces to dihydrotestosterone (more potent)
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Which hormone affects accessory sex gland function?
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Dihydrotestosterone
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Which cells aromatise testosterone to oestrogen?
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Sertoli cells
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Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells?
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LH
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How are sperm and fluid moved out of the seminiferous tubules?
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Basal lamina surrounded by contractile myoid cells
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Where do sperm cells develop motility?
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In epididymis
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What are the two cells of the seminiferous tubules?
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Sertoli cells - support and nourish the developing sperm
Germinal cells - produce sperm |
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What do the tight junctions between sertoli cells divide the developing sperm germinal cells into?
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Basal and luminal compartments
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What is this barrier called?
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Sertoli barrier or blood-testis barrier
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Which hormone influences sertoli cells?
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FSH - for aromatisation of testosterone and nourishment of sperm
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Where do sertoli cells transport testosterone to?
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Lumen of tubule
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What do sertoli cells produce that affects FSH?
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Inhibin - negative feedback
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