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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is anemic hypoxia
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poor o2 delivery bc not enough RBC or abnormal hemoglobin
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what is ischemic hypoxia
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blood circulation is impaired
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what is histoxic hypoxia?
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body's mitochondira cant use o2
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what is hypoxemic hypoxia?
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reduced atrial 02
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what is vital capacity?
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amount of air that can be exhaled after max inspiration and max expiration
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anterior pituitary responds to ___
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signals from hypothalmus hormones
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posterior pituitary responds to ___
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neural signals
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What type of disorder is Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
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hyporesponsiveness
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how does the hypothalmus pituitary axis work?
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1) The hypothalamus secretes a tropic hormone
2) These hormones go directly into the portal system– high concentration for the pituitary. 3)The pituitary hormone travels throughout the whole body. TARGET= an endocrine organ. 4) The end-organ releases a hormone which goes on to affect cells throughout the body. |
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what happens when hypothal stimulates pituitary and then adrenal?
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-adrenal release epinephrine
-hypothalamus releases CRH to anterior pituitary gland -anterior pituitary releases ACTH which targets adrenals -adrenals release cortisol -cortisol triggers production of glucose -increased glucose triggers ACTH to turn off in anterior pit |
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what are the three zones of the adrenal gland?
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1) Outer = glomerulosa = aldosterone
2) Middle = Fasciculata = cortisol 3) Inner = Reticularis = Androgens |
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where is cortisol released from?
where is epinepherine released from? |
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla |
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what causes adisons disease?
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adrenal insufficiency
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what is cushings syndrome?
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excess cortisol in blood
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how does hypothalamus effect pituitary and then effect thyroid?
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-hypothalmus increases TRH
-pituitary releases TSH -TSH releasess T3 and T4 at thyroid -increased thyroid hormone shuts off hypothalmus and pituatitary |
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how does hypothalmus effect pituitary and effect growth hormone?
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-Hypothalmus releases GHRH and decreases SS secretion
-anterior pituitary releases growth hormone -liver and other cells have increased IGF1 secretion -increased IGF1 acts as neg feedback on hypothal GHRH and ant pit GH release -increased IGF1 acts as pos feedback on Hypothal decrease in SS -GH acts as pos feedback on hypothal's decrease SS |
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what are triggers for Hypothalamus to release GHRH
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exercise, stress, fasting, low blood glucose, sleep
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growth hormone stimulates ____
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glucanogenesis
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What does IGF1 do?
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stimulates cell division
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how does parathyroid hormone effect kidney and bone?
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-increased blood calcium concentration triggers parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone
-in kidneys: increases calcium reabsorption and increases vitamin D formation. vitamin d increases calcium absorption in small intestine. urinary excretion of calcium and calcium absorption into intestine returns blood calcium levels to normal -in bone: calcium is reabsorbed and released into plasma to return calcium blood levels to normal -parathyroid hormone stops when calcium levels return to normal |
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what two things are critically important for calcium homeostasis?
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parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
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how does the pancreas effect insulin?
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-increase in plasma glucose triggers pancreas to secrete insulin
-this causes muscles and adipocytes to increase glucose uptake -this causes liver to cease glucose output -return of plasma glucose to normal |
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how does pancreas effect glucagon?
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-decreased plasma glucose triggers pancreas to secrete glucagon
-this causes liver to increase glycogenolysis, increase glucogenesis, and increase ketone synthesis -this causes increased plasma glucose and increased plasma ketones |
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insulin signaling uses ____ to do ____
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g protein second messengers
to put more glucose transport proteins out of cell membrane to increase facilitated diffusion of glucose |
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when plasma insulin is high: what happens to muscle, adipocytes, and liver?
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muscle: increased glucose uptake and utilization
adipocytes: increased glucose uptake and utilization liver: increased glucose uptake and no glycogen synthesis and no ketone synthesis |
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when plasma insulin is low: what happens to muscle, adipocytes, and liver?
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muscle: decreased glucose uptake and utilization
adipocytes: decreased glucose uptake and utilization liver: increased glucose release due to glycogen catabolism and glucanogenesis, increased ketone synthesis |
