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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Action of antimicrobial
alcohol: |
Denatures proteins and dissolves lipids
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Action of Action
Peroxidants |
Released toxic oxygen radicals and cause protein oxidation
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What are the two halogen antimicrobial agents
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Iodine and chlorine
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Mode of action of iodine
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Unclear/unknown
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Mode of action of chlorine
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When added to water hypochlorous acid is formed which is a strong oxidizing agent
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Mode of action of phenol
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Denstures proteins and lipid dissolution.
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Mode of action of surfactant
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Decreases surface tension and alters membrane permeability
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Mode of action of aldehydes and ethylene oxides.
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Formation of covalent cross link with functional groups of nucleic acid and proteins
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Action of quats and quatanary
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Disrupting membrane function
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Action of heavy metals
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Protein denaturing agents and combing with -SH group of cysteine amino acids; loss of protein function.
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What would use on organic compounds (pee,poop,etc) to make it microbe free?
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Phenol and phenolics
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What are phenolics and bisphenol?
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Phenolics are derivatives of phenol. They are compounds containing chemically altered phenol.
Bisphenolics are derivatives of phenol with two phenolic groups connected by a bridge. |
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What are phenolics and bisphenol?
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Phenolics are derivatives of phenol. They are compounds containing chemically altered phenol.
Bisphenolics are derivatives of phenol with two phenolic groups connected by a bridge. |
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An example of a bisphenol?
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Lysol (orthophenyol phenol)
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Triclosan
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3 Cl attached (not biodegradable)
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Advantages of phenol and phenolics
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Remains stable for extended time upon application and active in the presence of organic compounds and detergents
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Disadvantage of phenolics
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Have strong odor and skin irritant. Not biodegradable
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Hexachlorophene
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Bisphenol with 6 Cl added. Causes neurological damage. Available only with a prescription.
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Oligodynamic action
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Refers to the potency of heavy metals in minute quantity to exert antimicrobial activity.
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How do heavy metals work?
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They combine with the sulfur ions in molecules of cysteine (amino acid) therefore denaturing proteins.
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Hexachlorophene
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Bisphenol with 6 Cl added. Causes neurological damage. Available only with a prescription.
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Oligodynamic action
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Refers to the potency of heavy metals in minute quantity to exert antimicrobial activity.
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How do heavy metals work?
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They combine with the sulfur ions in molecules of cysteine (amino acid) therefore denaturing proteins.
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Silver nitrate uses
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Used to clean the eyes of newborns to prevent neonatal opthalmia.
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Hexachlorophene
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Bisphenol with 6 Cl added. Causes neurological damage. Available only with a prescription.
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Oligodynamic action
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Refers to the potency of heavy metals in minute quantity to exert antimicrobial activity.
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How do heavy metals work?
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They combine with the sulfur ions in molecules of cysteine (amino acid) therefore denaturing proteins.
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Silver nitrate uses
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Used to clean the eyes of newborns to prevent neonatal opthalmia.
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Silver sulfadiazine uses
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Burn creams. Silver + sulfur
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Why is alcohol a poor choice for open wound application?
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It deactivates surface proteins which then forms airtight compartment/layer encourages anaerobic bacterial growth.
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Why is alcohol a poor choice for open wound application?
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It deactivates surface proteins which then forms airtight compartment/layer encourages anaerobic bacterial growth.
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Why don't you use 100% alcohol
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You need water to hydrolize/break the bonds
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Advantages of alcohol
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Evaporates quickly with no residue; inexpensive and non toxic
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Disadvantage
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Poor choice for wound application (anaerobic bacteria growth). Short contact time (evaporates quickly) damages rubber and some plastics.
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Peroxygens
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Used for irrigating deep wounds. It kills the bacteria lacks the enzymes, catalase can peroxidase, SOD. Limited action for open wounds.
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Clinical use of benzoyl peroxide.
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Acne medication
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Tincture vs iodophore
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Tincture is a solution of iodine in alcohol. It's synergistic.
Iodophore complex of iodine and an organic carrier molecule (carbon). It's slow, steady and sustained release of iodine from iodophore. Non-staining. Non-irritating. Ineffective against pseudomonas. |
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Betadine
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An iodophore used in medical institutions to prepare skin for surgery, injections and to treat burns.
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Action of bleach
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Bleach is a chlorine and strong oxidizing agent.
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Glutaraldrhyde's use and and activity as an antimicrobial agent
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Disinfect hospital instruments at 2% concentration. Must be rinsed properly because they are toxic.
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Formalin
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37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde.
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Formalin
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37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde.
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Quats and their action as surfactants and examples
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Alters membrane permeability and decreases surface tension. Examples are soap and detergents.
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Mode of action of ethylene oxide
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Ethylene oxide is a gaseous agent. It's flammable and explosive. It needs to be mixed with inert gases. It denatures proteins. Used against anthrax.
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What are 2 situations where pseudomonas can grow easily?
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Iodophor provides a carbon source and quays support their growth.
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What are 2 situations where pseudomonas can grow easily?
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Iodophor provides a carbon source and quays support their growth.
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What are the three commonly used gaseous agents
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Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and beta propoliolactone.
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Antibiotics:
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Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganism
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Disadvantage of broad spectrum antibiotics
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Disturbs normal microflora and causes super infection
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Narrow spectrum
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When agent effectiveness is lifted to a few microbes sps.
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Example of narrow spectrum antimicrobial
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Isoniazid (effective against mycobacterium) and penicillin (gram +)
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Half Life
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The time it takes cut a bacterial life in half
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Drug
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An agent that affects physiology
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Semisynthetic antibiotic and examples
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Part synthesized in lab and part synthesized microbe. Ex. Doxycycline, methicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin
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Advantages of antibiotics
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1. Easy to administer
2. Longer lasting 3. More potent against gram (+) cells than gram (-) cells. |
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Synthetic drug
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Antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory. Example, isoniazid (used against myco tuberculosis. Targets the production of mycolic acid) , sulfa drugs (not an antibiotic chemically synthesized but has antibiotic properties).
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Antibiotics mode of action
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1. Plasma membrane injury
2. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 3. Blocking protein synthesis 4. Nucleic acid synthesis and inhibition: targets enzymes 5. Inhibition of general metabolic pathways: blocking synthesis of essential metabolites. (Action as an anti metabolite) |
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Ideal properties of antibiotics/antimicrobial agents
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1. Selective toxicity
2. Agent should be bio-available 3. Antibiotic action should be either bacteriostatic or cidal 4. Stability 5. Spectrum of activity 6. Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug 7. Combination of anti robustly must exhibit some effect 8. Side effects should be minimal 9. Route of administration |
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Therapeutic index
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High TI- less toxic to the patient.
Low TI --too toxic to the patient . Example polymixin B |
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Antibiotics prone to inactivation in gastric environment should be given via....
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IV or IM (intramuscular)
Example vancomycin |
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Broad spectrum
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Effective against gram (+) and gram (-) cells
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