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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Although the famous Greek scholar Aristotle believed that the purpose of the brain was to ___________ the blood, the Greek physician _______________ argued that the brain was responsible for functions like emotion, perception and thought. |
cool; Hippocampus |
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If I were to enter class, dim the lights, and then screech like a banshee while I banged my head on the podium, your _____________________ would likely be very activated. |
sympathetic nervous system |
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The brain structure that is most responsible for fine motor coordination is called the __________________. |
cerebellum |
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To study the role of the frontal lobes in behavior, I could surgically damage the frontal lobes and then study changes in behavior. According to your text, this kind of study is called a/an ______________________ |
somatic intervention |
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In class, I noted that nerves usually have a/an ____________ function. |
sensory and a motor |
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In the spinal cord, groups of sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons form circuits called _______________; these circuits can generate behaviors such as walking, even if the head is removed from the body. |
pattern generators |
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The ________________ part of the spinal cord is the sensory part of the spinal cord; sensory information from the ________ enters here before being relayed to the brain. |
dorsal; PNS |
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The grey matter of the nervous system consists of the _____________ of neurons; they appear grey because they are not covered by _____________ like most axons are. |
cell bodies; myelin |
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The human cortex is not a flat sheet of tissue, but instead is folded back and forth on itself so that more surface area can fit inside the cranial vault. These folds are referred to as _______________. |
sulci and gyri |
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Most of the neurons found in the brain are ___________________ |
interneurons |
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There are 12 pairs of ___________________________ that innervate the head and neck directly, without ever joining the _______________________ |
cranial nerves; spinal cord |
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A nerve is formed by when a dorsal and ventral _______________ join together prior to leaving the CNS for the PNS. Nerves are usually ______________ in function. |
roots; both sensory and motor |
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The _______________ of a neuron is the "output" end of the cell; it releases a chemical called a/an ___________________ that allows it to communicate with other cells in the body. |
terminal boutons; neurotransmitter |
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The part of the nervous system that lies outside the boney protection of the cranium and vertebral column is called the __________ |
peripheral nervous system |
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Following a brain injury, Steven has trouble being organized; he often starts a task, but seems to loose track of what he has done and what remains to be done and eventually he simply stops working all together. You suspect that Steven may have damage to his ____________ |
frontal lobe |
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The _____________________ refers to the difference in the distribution of _______________inside a neuron relative to outside a neuron. |
membrane potential; electrical charges |
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In the nervous system, ___________________ is mainly composed of cell bodies and dendrites; this part of the nervous system mostly receives and processes information received by neurons. |
gray matter |
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The _______________ that insulates the axons of many neurons in the CNS is created by cells called _____________________. |
myelin; oligodendroglia |
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___________________ refers to the nervous system's ability to change and adapt to experience and/or to the environment. |
neuroplasticity |
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Rostral is to caudal as _________________________________. |
"toward the nose" is to "towards the tail" |
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The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of ____________________________ |
limbic system |
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The large cavities inside the brain are known as ___________________; they are filled with _______________________ |
the ventricular system; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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The synapse refers to the point of neural communication formed by a presynaptic ______________ and postsynaptic ______________ |
terminal bouton; dendritic spine |
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The primary function of the cerebellum is the _______________________; it is located above the ___________________ |
fine control of movement; pons |
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Inside each neuron, a process called __________________ carries materials from the soma to the terminal boutons and dendrites |
axonal transport |
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At rest, there are more _________________ ions outside of a neuron and more _____________ ions inside of a neuron. |
Na+; K+ |
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The function of the _________________ is to separate the inside and the outside of a cell; this structure is said to be ___________________________, as it will let some things move from inside to outside (or vice versa) but not others |
cell membrane; selectively permeable |
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According to our discussions, the reticular formation is an out-dated term that refers to ______________ |
structures in the brainstem involved in attention and arousal |
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If I damaged the dorsal roots of your spinal cord, I would be damaging ___________________. |
sensory inputs |
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"Vm" refers to the ______________________ potential; it reflects the difference in the distribution of ions inside a cell relative to outside the cell. The resting Vm is about _________________ mV in value. |
membrane; negative |
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To measure Vm, we use a technique called ______________________ |
intracellular recordings |
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A/An ___________________ is a drug that facilitates synaptic transmission. |
agonist |
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In class, we noted that all antipsychotic drugs are ___________________ receptor antagonists. |
D-2 |
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In class, we noted that _____________ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
GABA |
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Intracranial self-stimulation produces an increase in the neurotransmitter ______________________ in the nucleus accumbens |
dopamine |
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Cocaine produces its reinforcing effects by reducing the _______________ of dopamine. |
reuptake |
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______________ are neurotransmitters that resemble drugs like heroin or morphine |
endogenous opiates |
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The ventral tegmental area is located in the _______________________ |
midbrain |
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A _____________ of neurotransmitter is contained within each vesicle |
quanta |
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One stimulant that does not work by increasing dopamine activity in the brain is _______________ |
caffeine |
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Most drugs are inactivated by enzymes in the ____________ |
liver |
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Which of the following is NOT a presynaptic drug effect? |
changing 2nd messengers |
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An increase in a drug's effect following repeated exposure to the drug is called ________________ |
sensitization |
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In vivo microdialysis can be used to measure __________________________ in the brain of conscious, freely-moving animals. |
neurotransmitter release |
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If a drug increased the synthesis of a neurotransmitter it would be labeled as a/an ______________ |
agonist |
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________________ often have their effect acting at serotonin receptors in the brain. |
hallucinogens |
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In class, I drew our blindsight pathway on the board. It was organized as follows: |
retina, superior colliculus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, other visual areas |
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Cells in the dorsal visual pathway are involved in the perception of _________________ |
different types of sensory information into a complex configuration that determines what a movement will look like |
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In the optic chiasm, information from the ______ hemi-retinas cross, whereas information from the ______ hemi-retinas stay on the same side |
nasal; temporal |
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Light is focused first by the ______ before entering the pupil of the eye. |
cornea |
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Cones are the only type of photoreceptor found in the ___________ |
fovea |
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The axons of retinal ganglion cells form the: |
optic nerve |
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The dorsal visual pathway projects from V-1 to the: |
parietal lobe |
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The ______ is the primary visual relay nucleus in the thalamus; it is part of our "conscious" visual system. |
lateral geniculate nucleus |
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The light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye is called the: |
retina |
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The optic disc is also known as the: |
blind spot |
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The portion of the eye that has the highest visual acuity is called the: |
fovea |
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_______________________ is caused by damage to the dorsal visual pathway. |
prosopagnosia |
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According to physical-dependence theories of addiction, drug-taking behavior is motivated by a desire to ____________________ the effects of drug ______________. |
reduce; withdrawel |
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Free-nerve endings are responsible for the _______________ of pain signals in the PNS |
transduction |
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The idea that drug addiction might be caused by the pursuit of the pleasurable aspects of a drug AND the avoidance of negative consequences of drug taking AND social pressures AND peer pressures AND genetics is best captured by the _________________ theory of addiction. |
biopsychosocial |
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Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the _____________________ |
spinothalamic tract |
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Information from the _____________ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem, whereas the ______________ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord. |
medial lemniscus; spinothalamic |
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According to your text, a complete absence of pain might be caused by a mutation that eliminates a particular kind of __________ channel in free nerve endings. |
Na+ |
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Your text suggests that phantom limb pain can be alleviated through the use of __________________ |
using a mirror box so that the amputee is fooled into thinking that they can see and move the missing limb |
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Somatosensory information is relayed from the periphery to the spinal cord by ___________________________ |
dorsal-root ganglion neurons |
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The gate theory of pain can help explain ______________________ |
why rubbing an injury can reduce pain |
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The homunculus on the primary somatosensory cortex is most similar to the homunculus found in the: |
primary motor cortex |
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Your grammie has had a stroke and is as blind as a bat...but, she can walk across her living room without stepping on her cat. This ability is called _________________________, and is due to a projection for the retina to the _________________________ in her midbrain |
blindsight; superior colliculus |
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If I have damage to half of my spinal cord, and I cannot feel pain for any region BELOW the site of damage on the right side of my body, you know that I have damage on the ______________ side of my spinal cord...and that I will also not be able to feel touch on the _____________ side of my body |
left; right |
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Prosopagnosia refers to an inability to _______________________ |
recognize faces |
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A _______________ is a representation of the body that is found on somatosensory and sensorimotor cortex |
homonculus |
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Loss of neurons in the ____________ results in an enlargement of the ventricles and the clinical condition known as ____________________. |
caudate nucleus; Huntington's disease |
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In the spinal cord, the laterally located cortico-spinal motor pathway projects to the ________________, whereas the ventromedially located motor pathway neurons project to the _________________ |
limbs and digits; trunk/core area |
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Neurons that are responsible for storing information about the next movement we are going to perform are also active when we observe another person making the same movement. These neurons are referred to as: |
mirror neurons |
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The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with: |
timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy |
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The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex directly to the spinal cord is the: |
corticospinal tract |
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The primary motor cortex is responsible for: |
activating neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord to produce specific movements |
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Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation of body parts in the motor homunculus? |
hands, lips, feet |
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Which part of the brain is responsible for planning movements? |
frontal lobe |
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According to your text, ______________________ is the process of acquiring new information. |
learning |
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Which of the following does NOT involve implicit memory? Knowing how to ride a bike.
Being able to throw a split-finger curve ball. Remembering your last trip to the Sasquatch Music Festival. Being able to solve the pursuit-rotor task.
Providing a solution to a cross-word puzzle, because you overheard someone saying the word this morning during your commute |
remembering your last trip to the Sasquatch Music Festival |
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Explicit memory is to implicit memory as: |
conscious is to unconscious |
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Which of the following structures plays an important role in short-term memory or working memory? |
frontal lobes |
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In your text, the patient named Boswell is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury following a bout of encephalitis and damage to his medial temporal, basal forebrain, and orbitofrontal cortex. Which of the following does NOT describe his memory deficits? |
he lost all forms of procedural memory |
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Karl Lashley’s failure to impair explicit memory following brain lesions in experimental animals was due, in part, to the fact that: |
he did not use appropriate tests of explicit memory |
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According to your text, the ________________________ are important neural substrates for many kinds of implicit/skill learning and memory. |
basal ganglia |
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The _______________________ are cortical regions that are important to object recognition, as assessed using a delayed non-matching-to-sample task. |
entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices |
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____________________disease is caused by a thiamine deficiency, and is often seen in severe alcoholism. |
Korsakoff's |
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The hippocampus is a critical structure for the formation of ________________________ |
spatial memory |
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In class, we discussed the fact that London taxi drivers have larger ____________________________ than London bus drivers |
hippocampi |
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If shown a series of photographs in a specific order, patients with ______________________ damage would be able to remember the photographs but not the order they were presented in. |
frontal lobe |
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Information is changed from short-term memory to long-term memory by the process called ______________________. |
consolidation |
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The notion that memory storage might involve changes in synaptic function due to concurrent pre- and post-synaptic activity was proposed by________________. |
Hebb |
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The phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) was first demonstrated in the _________________ |
hippocampus |
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LTP is produced when _____ ions enter the postsynaptic neuron via channels associated with ___________receptors. |
Ca2+; NMDA |
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Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors? |
Glutamate |
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Patient HM suffered profound ________________ declarative memory deficits when he had brain surgery to control his ____________________ |
anterograde; epilepsy |
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Short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories by a process called ______________ |
consolidation |
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Patient HM had normal short-term or working memory because the surgical procedure that he underwent did not damage his _____________________ |
prefrontal cortex |
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Which behavioral test would be used to study damage to the inferotemporal/rhinal cortex? |
delayed non-matching to sample task |
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In class we talked about Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by ____________________. |
a thiamine deficiency |
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If you have problems remembering your 16th birthday, the last time you shaved, or the first time you kissed your significant other, you are displaying _________________ memory deficits. |
episodic |
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According to your text, _____________________________ refers to the return of a memory trace to a stable long-term form after is has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall. |
reconsolidation |
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The _______________________ is/are the axonal pathway that connects the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus |
perforant path |
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Primary motor cortex is located in the __________________ lobe; it controls the movements of the limbs on the ______________________ side of the body. |
frontal; opposite |
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The dorsal and ventral roots of a given segment of spinal cord come together to form a ____________ in the peripheral nervous system. |
nerve |
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The space between adjacent myelin sheaths, where the axon is exposed and action potentials are regenerated, is called a/an _____________ |
node of Ranvier |
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Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors often change the function of a neuron by producing intracellular signals called _________________ |
second messengers |
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In addition to its reinforcing properties, cocaine blocks voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels. Given this, you would expect that this drug would prevent a neuron from generating ____________________. |
an action potential |
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In class, we discussed the fact that schizophrenia appears to be due to alterations in both ________________ and __________________ neurotransmitter synapses. |
dopamine; glutamate |
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An action potential can normally travel only in one direction along an axon because the _____________. |
refractory periods make it impossible for an action potential to travel in the direction that it came from |
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Reuptake by transport proteins or breakdown by enzymes are 2 mechanisms of neurotransmitter ___________________ |
inactivation |
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In class, we talked about the fact that PCP blocks NMDA receptors to produce behavioral changes that mimic many aspects of schizophrenia. Given what we know about NMDA receptors, we would also expect PCP to block ___________ |
long-term potentiation |
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A __________ is a piece of DNA that contains the instructions for creating a single protein |
gene |
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The Morris water maze is most commonly used to assess _________________ in rodents. |
spatial memory |
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A functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) scan is most often used to inform neuroscientists about the _____________ of different regions of the brain. |
activity |
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Genetically identical mice can demonstrate significant differences in brain development and behavior, depending on the care that they receive from their mothers after birth. The study of the way that environmental factors like maternal care can produce changes in gene expression, without altering the sequence of the genes themselves, is called ________________ |
epigenetics |
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We would expect drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia to also reduce a person's ability to perceive ______________________, which depends upon the activity of dopamine receptors in the brain. |
reward |
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Your roommate’s grandmother develops symptoms including tremor in her hands and an inability to initiate movements. It is possible that she has degeneration of the dopamine neuronal cell bodies located in her ___________________ |
substantia nigra |
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Damage to the __________________________ stream of visual information cause visual-form agnosia such as prosopagnosia, in which objects can be seen (e.g., A person sees a face) but not specifically identified (e.g., The person can’t recognize the face as being her mother's). |
ventral |
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The release of hormones from the pituitary gland is directly controlled by a region of the brain called the _______________ |
hypothalamus |
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You have been instructed to imagine performing a specific sequence of finger movements, without actually performing them. As you are thinking about this sequence of movements, you would expect to see an increase in neural activity in the _____________________ |
secondary motor cortex |
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Implicit memory is also called ____________________ |
skill memory |
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The birth of new neurons in the human brain begins about 3 weeks after conception and continues _________________ |
for most of a person's life |
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____________________ is a phenomenon that neuroscientists study to learn more about how we forget |
long-term depression |
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The nervous system is not fully developed in human beings until about ___________________ of age |
20-25 years |
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Post-synaptic NMDA receptors detect the coincidence of presynaptic ___________________ release and postsynaptic depolarization caused by activation of ______________ receptors. |
glutamate; AMPA |
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We use ________________ memory to consciously recall facts, but rely on our ________________ memory to remember learned skills and habits. |
declarative; procedural |
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In class, our brave volunteers donned goggles that displaced their vision to the right. When asked to throw a ball at a target, they threw wide to the right by a mile on the first throw. Within 10-12 throws, they had adjusted their behavior and could accurately hit the target with each throw. This change in behavior is a good example of neuroplasticity mediated by the _____________________ |
cerebellum |