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130 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Although the famous Greek scholar Aristotle believed that the purpose of the brain was to ___________ the blood, the Greek physician _______________ argued that the brain was responsible for functions like emotion, perception and thought.

cool; Hippocampus

If I were to enter class, dim the lights, and then screech like a banshee while I banged my head on the podium, your _____________________ would likely be very activated.

sympathetic nervous system

The brain structure that is most responsible for fine motor coordination is called the __________________.

cerebellum

To study the role of the frontal lobes in behavior, I could surgically damage the frontal lobes and then study changes in behavior. According to your text, this kind of study is called a/an ______________________

somatic intervention

In class, I noted that nerves usually have a/an ____________ function.

sensory and a motor

In the spinal cord, groups of sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons form circuits called _______________; these circuits can generate behaviors such as walking, even if the head is removed from the body.

pattern generators

The ________________ part of the spinal cord is the sensory part of the spinal cord; sensory information from the ________ enters here before being relayed to the brain.

dorsal; PNS

The grey matter of the nervous system consists of the _____________ of neurons; they appear grey because they are not covered by _____________ like most axons are.

cell bodies; myelin

The human cortex is not a flat sheet of tissue, but instead is folded back and forth on itself so that more surface area can fit inside the cranial vault. These folds are referred to as _______________.

sulci and gyri

Most of the neurons found in the brain are ___________________

interneurons

There are 12 pairs of ___________________________ that innervate the head and neck directly, without ever joining the _______________________

cranial nerves; spinal cord

A nerve is formed by when a dorsal and ventral _______________ join together prior to leaving the CNS for the PNS. Nerves are usually ______________ in function.

roots; both sensory and motor

The _______________ of a neuron is the "output" end of the cell; it releases a chemical called a/an ___________________ that allows it to communicate with other cells in the body.

terminal boutons; neurotransmitter

The part of the nervous system that lies outside the boney protection of the cranium and vertebral column is called the __________

peripheral nervous system

Following a brain injury, Steven has trouble being organized; he often starts a task, but seems to loose track of what he has done and what remains to be done and eventually he simply stops working all together. You suspect that Steven may have damage to his ____________

frontal lobe

The _____________________ refers to the difference in the distribution of _______________inside a neuron relative to outside a neuron.

membrane potential; electrical charges

In the nervous system, ___________________ is mainly composed of cell bodies and dendrites; this part of the nervous system mostly receives and processes information received by neurons.

gray matter

The _______________ that insulates the axons of many neurons in the CNS is created by cells called _____________________.

myelin; oligodendroglia

___________________ refers to the nervous system's ability to change and adapt to experience and/or to the environment.

neuroplasticity

Rostral is to caudal as _________________________________.

"toward the nose" is to "towards the tail"

The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of ____________________________

limbic system

The large cavities inside the brain are known as ___________________; they are filled with _______________________

the ventricular system; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

The synapse refers to the point of neural communication formed by a presynaptic ______________ and postsynaptic ______________

terminal bouton; dendritic spine

The primary function of the cerebellum is the _______________________; it is located above the ___________________

fine control of movement; pons

Inside each neuron, a process called __________________ carries materials from the soma to the terminal boutons and dendrites

axonal transport

At rest, there are more _________________ ions outside of a neuron and more _____________ ions inside of a neuron.

Na+; K+

The function of the _________________ is to separate the inside and the outside of a cell; this structure is said to be ___________________________, as it will let some things move from inside to outside (or vice versa) but not others

cell membrane; selectively permeable

According to our discussions, the reticular formation is an out-dated term that refers to ______________

structures in the brainstem involved in attention and arousal

If I damaged the dorsal roots of your spinal cord, I would be damaging ___________________.

sensory inputs

"Vm" refers to the ______________________ potential; it reflects the difference in the distribution of ions inside a cell relative to outside the cell. The resting Vm is about _________________ mV in value.

membrane; negative

To measure Vm, we use a technique called ______________________

intracellular recordings

A/An ___________________ is a drug that facilitates synaptic transmission.

agonist

In class, we noted that all antipsychotic drugs are ___________________ receptor antagonists.

D-2

In class, we noted that _____________ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

GABA

Intracranial self-stimulation produces an increase in the neurotransmitter ______________________ in the nucleus accumbens

dopamine

Cocaine produces its reinforcing effects by reducing the _______________ of dopamine.

reuptake

______________ are neurotransmitters that resemble drugs like heroin or morphine

endogenous opiates

The ventral tegmental area is located in the _______________________

midbrain

A _____________ of neurotransmitter is contained within each vesicle

quanta

One stimulant that does not work by increasing dopamine activity in the brain is _______________

caffeine

Most drugs are inactivated by enzymes in the ____________

liver

Which of the following is NOT a presynaptic drug effect?

changing 2nd messengers

An increase in a drug's effect following repeated exposure to the drug is called ________________

sensitization

In vivo microdialysis can be used to measure __________________________ in the brain of conscious, freely-moving animals.

neurotransmitter release

If a drug increased the synthesis of a neurotransmitter it would be labeled as a/an ______________

agonist

________________ often have their effect acting at serotonin receptors in the brain.

hallucinogens

In class, I drew our blindsight pathway on the board. It was organized as follows:

retina, superior colliculus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, other visual areas

Cells in the dorsal visual pathway are involved in the perception of _________________

different types of sensory information into a complex configuration that determines what a movement will look like

In the optic chiasm, information from the ______ hemi-retinas cross, whereas information from the ______ hemi-retinas stay on the same side

nasal; temporal

Light is focused first by the ______ before entering the pupil of the eye.

cornea

Cones are the only type of photoreceptor found in the ___________

fovea

The axons of retinal ganglion cells form the:

optic nerve

The dorsal visual pathway projects from V-1 to the:

parietal lobe

The ______ is the primary visual relay nucleus in the thalamus; it is part of our "conscious" visual system.

lateral geniculate nucleus

The light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye is called the:

retina

The optic disc is also known as the:

blind spot

The portion of the eye that has the highest visual acuity is called the:

fovea

_______________________ is caused by damage to the dorsal visual pathway.

prosopagnosia

According to physical-dependence theories of addiction, drug-taking behavior is motivated by a desire to ____________________ the effects of drug ______________.

reduce; withdrawel

Free-nerve endings are responsible for the _______________ of pain signals in the PNS

transduction

The idea that drug addiction might be caused by the pursuit of the pleasurable aspects of a drug AND the avoidance of negative consequences of drug taking AND social pressures AND peer pressures AND genetics is best captured by the _________________ theory of addiction.

biopsychosocial

Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the _____________________

spinothalamic tract

Information from the _____________ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem, whereas the ______________ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord.

medial lemniscus; spinothalamic

According to your text, a complete absence of pain might be caused by a mutation that eliminates a particular kind of __________ channel in free nerve endings.

Na+

Your text suggests that phantom limb pain can be alleviated through the use of __________________

using a mirror box so that the amputee is fooled into thinking that they can see and move the missing limb

Somatosensory information is relayed from the periphery to the spinal cord by ___________________________

dorsal-root ganglion neurons

The gate theory of pain can help explain ______________________

why rubbing an injury can reduce pain

The homunculus on the primary somatosensory cortex is most similar to the homunculus found in the:

primary motor cortex

Your grammie has had a stroke and is as blind as a bat...but, she can walk across her living room without stepping on her cat. This ability is called _________________________, and is due to a projection for the retina to the _________________________ in her midbrain

blindsight; superior colliculus

If I have damage to half of my spinal cord, and I cannot feel pain for any region BELOW the site of damage on the right side of my body, you know that I have damage on the ______________ side of my spinal cord...and that I will also not be able to feel touch on the _____________ side of my body

left; right

Prosopagnosia refers to an inability to _______________________

recognize faces

A _______________ is a representation of the body that is found on somatosensory and sensorimotor cortex

homonculus

Loss of neurons in the ____________ results in an enlargement of the ventricles and the clinical condition known as ____________________.

caudate nucleus; Huntington's disease

In the spinal cord, the laterally located cortico-spinal motor pathway projects to the ________________, whereas the ventromedially located motor pathway neurons project to the _________________

limbs and digits; trunk/core area

Neurons that are responsible for storing information about the next movement we are going to perform are also active when we observe another person making the same movement. These neurons are referred to as:

mirror neurons

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with:

timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex directly to the spinal cord is the:

corticospinal tract

The primary motor cortex is responsible for:

activating neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord to produce specific movements

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation of body parts in the motor homunculus?

hands, lips, feet

Which part of the brain is responsible for planning movements?

frontal lobe

According to your text, ______________________ is the process of acquiring new information.

learning

Which of the following does NOT involve implicit memory?


Knowing how to ride a bike.



Being able to throw a split-finger curve ball.




Remembering your last trip to the Sasquatch Music Festival.




Being able to solve the pursuit-rotor task.



Providing a solution to a cross-word puzzle, because you overheard someone saying the word this morning during your commute

remembering your last trip to the Sasquatch Music Festival

Explicit memory is to implicit memory as:

conscious is to unconscious

Which of the following structures plays an important role in short-term memory or working memory?

frontal lobes

In your text, the patient named Boswell is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury following a bout of encephalitis and damage to his medial temporal, basal forebrain, and orbitofrontal cortex. Which of the following does NOT describe his memory deficits?

he lost all forms of procedural memory

Karl Lashley’s failure to impair explicit memory following brain lesions in experimental animals was due, in part, to the fact that:

he did not use appropriate tests of explicit memory

According to your text, the ________________________ are important neural substrates for many kinds of implicit/skill learning and memory.

basal ganglia

The _______________________ are cortical regions that are important to object recognition, as assessed using a delayed non-matching-to-sample task.

entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices

____________________disease is caused by a thiamine deficiency, and is often seen in severe alcoholism.

Korsakoff's

The hippocampus is a critical structure for the formation of ________________________

spatial memory

In class, we discussed the fact that London taxi drivers have larger ____________________________ than London bus drivers

hippocampi

If shown a series of photographs in a specific order, patients with ______________________ damage would be able to remember the photographs but not the order they were presented in.

frontal lobe

Information is changed from short-term memory to long-term memory by the process called ______________________.

consolidation

The notion that memory storage might involve changes in synaptic function due to concurrent pre- and post-synaptic activity was proposed by________________.

Hebb

The phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) was first demonstrated in the _________________

hippocampus

LTP is produced when _____ ions enter the postsynaptic neuron via channels associated with ___________receptors.

Ca2+; NMDA

Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?

Glutamate

Patient HM suffered profound ________________ declarative memory deficits when he had brain surgery to control his ____________________

anterograde; epilepsy

Short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories by a process called ______________

consolidation

Patient HM had normal short-term or working memory because the surgical procedure that he underwent did not damage his _____________________

prefrontal cortex

Which behavioral test would be used to study damage to the inferotemporal/rhinal cortex?

delayed non-matching to sample task

In class we talked about Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by ____________________.

a thiamine deficiency

If you have problems remembering your 16th birthday, the last time you shaved, or the first time you kissed your significant other, you are displaying _________________ memory deficits.

episodic

According to your text, _____________________________ refers to the return of a memory trace to a stable long-term form after is has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall.

reconsolidation

The _______________________ is/are the axonal pathway that connects the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

perforant path

Primary motor cortex is located in the __________________ lobe; it controls the movements of the limbs on the ______________________ side of the body.

frontal; opposite

The dorsal and ventral roots of a given segment of spinal cord come together to form a ____________ in the peripheral nervous system.

nerve

The space between adjacent myelin sheaths, where the axon is exposed and action potentials are regenerated, is called a/an _____________

node of Ranvier

Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors often change the function of a neuron by producing intracellular signals called _________________

second messengers

In addition to its reinforcing properties, cocaine blocks voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels. Given this, you would expect that this drug would prevent a neuron from generating ____________________.

an action potential

In class, we discussed the fact that schizophrenia appears to be due to alterations in both ________________ and __________________ neurotransmitter synapses.

dopamine; glutamate

An action potential can normally travel only in one direction along an axon because the _____________.

refractory periods make it impossible for an action potential to travel in the direction that it came from

Reuptake by transport proteins or breakdown by enzymes are 2 mechanisms of neurotransmitter ___________________

inactivation

In class, we talked about the fact that PCP blocks NMDA receptors to produce behavioral changes that mimic many aspects of schizophrenia. Given what we know about NMDA receptors, we would also expect PCP to block ___________

long-term potentiation

A __________ is a piece of DNA that contains the instructions for creating a single protein

gene

The Morris water maze is most commonly used to assess _________________ in rodents.

spatial memory

A functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) scan is most often used to inform neuroscientists about the _____________ of different regions of the brain.

activity

Genetically identical mice can demonstrate significant differences in brain development and behavior, depending on the care that they receive from their mothers after birth. The study of the way that environmental factors like maternal care can produce changes in gene expression, without altering the sequence of the genes themselves, is called ________________

epigenetics

We would expect drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia to also reduce a person's ability to perceive ______________________, which depends upon the activity of dopamine receptors in the brain.

reward

Your roommate’s grandmother develops symptoms including tremor in her hands and an inability to initiate movements. It is possible that she has degeneration of the dopamine neuronal cell bodies located in her ___________________

substantia nigra

Damage to the __________________________ stream of visual information cause visual-form agnosia such as prosopagnosia, in which objects can be seen (e.g., A person sees a face) but not specifically identified (e.g., The person can’t recognize the face as being her mother's).

ventral

The release of hormones from the pituitary gland is directly controlled by a region of the brain called the _______________

hypothalamus

You have been instructed to imagine performing a specific sequence of finger movements, without actually performing them. As you are thinking about this sequence of movements, you would expect to see an increase in neural activity in the _____________________

secondary motor cortex

Implicit memory is also called ____________________

skill memory

The birth of new neurons in the human brain begins about 3 weeks after conception and continues _________________

for most of a person's life

____________________ is a phenomenon that neuroscientists study to learn more about how we forget

long-term depression

The nervous system is not fully developed in human beings until about ___________________ of age

20-25 years

Post-synaptic NMDA receptors detect the coincidence of presynaptic ___________________ release and postsynaptic depolarization caused by activation of ______________ receptors.

glutamate; AMPA

We use ________________ memory to consciously recall facts, but rely on our ________________ memory to remember learned skills and habits.

declarative; procedural

In class, our brave volunteers donned goggles that displaced their vision to the right. When asked to throw a ball at a target, they threw wide to the right by a mile on the first throw. Within 10-12 throws, they had adjusted their behavior and could accurately hit the target with each throw. This change in behavior is a good example of neuroplasticity mediated by the _____________________

cerebellum