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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Supreme Court rules that redistricting must be conscious of race to be in compliance with the Voting Rights Act.
descriptive representation
elected representatives represent preferences of constituents.
substantive representation
representatives advocate for certain groups.
sophomore surge
an increase in votes for candidates who first run for re-election.
privileged speech
legal immunity against civil or criminal liability.
Edmund Burke
British politician who supported American revolutionaries.
representational theory
people are directly represented by elected leaders.
organizational theory
how Congress organizes themselves to create law.
attitudinal theory
Congress reflects attitudes of people.
President Pro Tempore
highest ranking senator who presides when vice president is absent.
majority/minority leaders
leaders elected by party members holding the majority or minority of seats in the House or Senate.
party whip
ensures party discipline in a legislature.
Steering Committee (D)
assigns fellow party members to their other House committees and advises party leaders on policy.
Committee on Committees (R)
recruits servicemen for committees and improves on structure.
policy committee
a small group which discusses plans for the way in which something will be done.
party polarization
extreme divisions in party opinion.
caucus
a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement.
congressional black caucus
an organization representing the black members of Congress.
blue dog Democrats
congressional representatives from the Democratic party who identify themselves as moderates.
standing committees
permanently established committee responsible for certain legislation.
select committees
committees appointed for a limited time and purpose.
joint committees
committees on which both senators and representatives serve.
conference committees
joint committee appointed to resolving difference between both houses.
seniority system
granting privileges to members who have served the longest.
Congressional Research System
Congress's think tank, does public policy research.
General Accounting Office (GAO)
the audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress.
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
provides economic data to Congress.
legislative veto
Congress can block a presidential action after it has taken place, unconstitutional.
War Powers Act (1973)
the President can send armed forces abroad only by authorization of Congress or in national emergency.
Senate foreign relations committee
leads foreign-policy legislation and debate in the Senate.
Boland Amendment
three legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, which limited government assistance to the rebels in Nicaragua.
National Security Council (NSC)
a committee chaired by the president with a very powerful staff who hammers out foreign policy.
National Security Adviser
the chief adviser to the president on national security issues.
Iran-contra (1986)
U.S. sells weapons to Iran hoping for an exchange of hostages and U.S. funding of Nicaragua contras, yet the Boland Amendment prohibited that.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior policymakers and engages in covert activities for the president.
isolationist
one who believes in not entering into agreements with foreign nations to maintain neutrality and retain resources in their own borders.
internationalist
one who believes in increasing cooperation across national borders.
"rally around the flag" effect
popular support of the president during times of crisis.
Iron Curtain
separation of countries in Europe from WWII in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989.
Cold War
conflict between Western world and Communist world from 1945-1989 concerning politics and military tension.
containment
U.S. policy to stall the spread of communism.
domino theory
domino effect concerning communism.
Munich
used to create foreign policy after Israeli hostages released, WWII.
appeasement
avoiding conflict by making concessions to another power.
disengagement
removal from course of action.
human rights
rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.