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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
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Supreme Court rules that redistricting must be conscious of race to be in compliance with the Voting Rights Act.
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descriptive representation
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elected representatives represent preferences of constituents.
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substantive representation
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representatives advocate for certain groups.
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sophomore surge
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an increase in votes for candidates who first run for re-election.
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privileged speech
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legal immunity against civil or criminal liability.
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Edmund Burke
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British politician who supported American revolutionaries.
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representational theory
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people are directly represented by elected leaders.
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organizational theory
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how Congress organizes themselves to create law.
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attitudinal theory
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Congress reflects attitudes of people.
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President Pro Tempore
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highest ranking senator who presides when vice president is absent.
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majority/minority leaders
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leaders elected by party members holding the majority or minority of seats in the House or Senate.
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party whip
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ensures party discipline in a legislature.
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Steering Committee (D)
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assigns fellow party members to their other House committees and advises party leaders on policy.
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Committee on Committees (R)
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recruits servicemen for committees and improves on structure.
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policy committee
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a small group which discusses plans for the way in which something will be done.
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party polarization
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extreme divisions in party opinion.
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caucus
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a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement.
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congressional black caucus
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an organization representing the black members of Congress.
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blue dog Democrats
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congressional representatives from the Democratic party who identify themselves as moderates.
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standing committees
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permanently established committee responsible for certain legislation.
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select committees
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committees appointed for a limited time and purpose.
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joint committees
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committees on which both senators and representatives serve.
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conference committees
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joint committee appointed to resolving difference between both houses.
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seniority system
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granting privileges to members who have served the longest.
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Congressional Research System
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Congress's think tank, does public policy research.
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General Accounting Office (GAO)
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the audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress.
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Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
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provides economic data to Congress.
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legislative veto
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Congress can block a presidential action after it has taken place, unconstitutional.
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War Powers Act (1973)
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the President can send armed forces abroad only by authorization of Congress or in national emergency.
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Senate foreign relations committee
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leads foreign-policy legislation and debate in the Senate.
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Boland Amendment
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three legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, which limited government assistance to the rebels in Nicaragua.
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National Security Council (NSC)
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a committee chaired by the president with a very powerful staff who hammers out foreign policy.
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National Security Adviser
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the chief adviser to the president on national security issues.
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Iran-contra (1986)
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U.S. sells weapons to Iran hoping for an exchange of hostages and U.S. funding of Nicaragua contras, yet the Boland Amendment prohibited that.
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Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
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responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior policymakers and engages in covert activities for the president.
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isolationist
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one who believes in not entering into agreements with foreign nations to maintain neutrality and retain resources in their own borders.
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internationalist
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one who believes in increasing cooperation across national borders.
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"rally around the flag" effect
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popular support of the president during times of crisis.
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Iron Curtain
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separation of countries in Europe from WWII in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989.
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Cold War
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conflict between Western world and Communist world from 1945-1989 concerning politics and military tension.
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containment
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U.S. policy to stall the spread of communism.
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domino theory
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domino effect concerning communism.
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Munich
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used to create foreign policy after Israeli hostages released, WWII.
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appeasement
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avoiding conflict by making concessions to another power.
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disengagement
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removal from course of action.
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human rights
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rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
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