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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
measures the earth's circumference
Eratosthenes
uses a telescope to observe that the moons of Jupiter appear to circle
Jupiter. This evidence supports the heliocentric model, and weakens the geocentric
model of the cosmos
Galileo
author of the Skeptical Chemist, uses an air pump to determine the inverse
relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. This relationship came to be
known as Boyle's Law
Robert Boyle
using a microscope, observes cells, which he describes in his book
Micrographia
Robert Hooke
the “Father of Microbiology” discovers microorganisms,
which he originally named “animalcules”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
makes the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light by timing the
motions of Jupiter's satellite Io with a telescope
Ole Rømer
suspends a bowl of water above a beer vat at a brewery and synthesizes
carbonated water. Priestley is better known for discovering dephlogisticated air
Joseph Priestley
determines that oxygen combines with materials upon combustion,
thus disproving phlogiston theory
Antoine Lavoisier
determines that chemical reactions in a closed container do not alter
total mass. From these observations he establishes the law of conservation of mass
Antoine Lavoisier
tests his hypothesis for the protective action of mild cowpox infection for
smallpox, the first vaccine (
Edward Jenner
uses a torsion bar experiment to measure the density of the earth.
Cavendish is also known as the discoverer of hydrogen
Henry Cavendish
uses the double-slit experiment to demonstrate the wave-particle
duality of light.
Thomas Young
uses electrolysis to isolate elemental potassium, sodium, calcium,
strontium, barium, magnesium, and chlorine
Humphry Davy
studies reactions among gases and determines that their
volumes combine chemically in simple integer ratios
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
discovers the connection of electricity and magnetism by
experiments involving a compass and electric circuits. This is later termed
electromagnetism
Hans Christian Ørsted
studies very small pollen particles in water under the microscope and
observes Brownian motion which was later named in his honor
Robert Brown
synthesizes the organic compound urea using inorganic reactants,
disproving the application of vitalism to chemical processes
Friedrich Wöhler
measures the rates of effusion for different gases and establishes
Graham's law of effusion and diffusion
Thomas Graham
arranges to have trumpets played from a passing train. The groundobserved
pitch was higher than that played when the train was approaching then lower
than that played as the train passed and moved away, demonstrating the Doppler Effect
Christian Doppler
namesake Foucault pendulum is first exhibited. It demonstrates the
Coriolis effect and the rotation of the Earth
Léon Foucault's
experiments with the garden pea led him to surmise many of the
fundamental laws of genetics (dominant vs recessive genes, the 1-2-1 ratio, etc). His
work is best summarized with the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent
Assortment
Gregor Mendel'
uses S-shaped flasks to prevent spores from contaminating broth,
disproving the theory of Spontaneous Generation (also known as abiogenesis). This
experiment was an extension of the rancid meat experiment of Francesco Redi
Louis Pasteur
discovers a voltage across a conductor with a transverse applied magnetic
field, the Hall Effect
Edwin Hall
inoculates Joseph Meister after the nine year old was bitten by a rabid dog.
This is the first successful vaccine against rabies
Louis Pasteur
experiment exposes weaknesses in the then-accepted theory of
luminiferous ether.
Michelson-Morley
determines the impact of temperature on reaction rates and formulates
the concept of activation energy
Svante Arrhenius
isolate the noble gases
William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh
discover radioactivity and describe its
properties
Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Pierre Curie
cathode ray tube experiments (discovers the electron and its
negative charge)
Joseph John Thomson's
oil-drop experiment, suggests that electric charge occurs as quanta
Robert Millikan
demonstrates superconductivity
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
gold foil experiment demonstrates that the positive charge and
mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, central atomic nucleus, disproving the thenpopular
plum pudding model of the atom
Ernest Rutherford's
creates and isolates five transuranium elements. He
reorganizes the periodic table to its current form.
Glenn Theodore Seaborg
isolates penicillin from bread mold, winning him the Nobel Prize for
Medicine
Alexander Fleming
breeds maize plants for color, which leads to the discovery of
transposons or jumping genes.
Barbara McClintock
fabricate the first working
transistor at Bell Labs
John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain
delineate the path of carbon in photosynthesis using
Chlorella and carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-14, winning the 1961 Nobel Prize in
Medicine
Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson
detect the cosmic microwave background radiation,
giving support to the theory of the Big Bang
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson