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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the electochemical wave of conduction that enters the axon of a neuron and stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter?
Impulse Transmission
Is the cell polarized or depolarized when the cell is at "rest"?
Polarized
About how many times more sodium is outside the cell than inside?
14
About how many times more potassium is inside the cell than outside?
30
What is the net charge outside a cell?
Positive
What is the net charge inside a cell?
Negative
What are positive ions also called?
Cations
What are negative ioins also called?
Anions
When a cell is stimulated, is the membrane polarized or depolarized, to a point that passes the threshold and leads to an action potential?
Depolarized
What are large proteins in the membrane which have some sort of gate that allows sodium ions to pass through, but not potassium?
Sodium Channels
How long are sodium channels open for?
Thousandths of a second
What is the movement of sodium into the cell that stops when the sodium gates close?
Inactivation Gates Close
What is the actual voltage inside a cell that is depolarized to a point past the threshold which causes an action potential?
-70mV to +30mV
What gates open as the sodium channels are closing theirs?
Potassium Channels
Do potassium gates close slowly or quickly after the cell has been repolarized and usually somewhat hyperpolarized?
Slowly
What is a period of time during which a cell membrane will not respond at all or will not respond to a typical stimulus?
Refractory Period
What is the time when the sodium gates are open during which the cell will absolutely not respond to another stimulus?
Absolute Refactory Period
How long does the absolute refactory period last in neurons?
0.4 msec
How long does the absolute refactory period last in the heart muscles?
250 msec
What is the time after the sodium gates have closed, but while the potassium gates are still open?
Relative Refactory Period
The first place repolarization occurs is at the spot where what happened?
Depolarization Started
Where is the only place where transmitters appear to be relased from?
Ends of an axon of neurons
Can both muscle cell membranes and neuron cell membranes be depolarized?
Yes
Are muscle cell memebranes slower, faster, or have the same rate as neuron cell membranes?
Slower
How much slower are muscle cell membranes than neuron cell membranes?
18 times
What is the communication gap between 2 cells?
Synapse
What type of synapse is where only axons produce a neurotransmitter so messages can only be passed from an axon to another cell?
One Way
What type of synapse has any process that makes the impulse pass more easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
Facilitation
What are 3 examples of facilitation?
Caffeine, Amphetamines, and Alkalosis
What type of synapse has any process that makes an impulse pass less easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
Inhibition
Is alkalosis or acidosis where the pH has gone up (eg 7.5)?
Alkalosis
Is alkalosis or acidosis where the pH has gone down (eg 7.3)
Acidosis
What is the normal range for pH?
7.35-7.45
What are examples of inhibition?
Opium, morphine, and acidosis
What is a prostaglandin inhibitor?
Aspirin
What type of inhibition is produced by our cells when we are exposed to potential pain?
Endorphins
What is much more powerful than morphine in their ability to kill pain?
Endorphins
What is also known as a "runners high"?
Endorphins
What is the most understood neurotransmitter?
Ach
What transmitter stimulates muscle contraction when it is released by motor neurons into the neuromuscular junction (synapse)?
Ach
What neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve that slows down heart rate?
Ach
What does the suffix "-ase" mean?
Enzyme
What neurotransmitter is released by sympatheic neurons of the ANS?
Norepinephrine
What are norepi and epi resorbed from synapse by?
Axons
What is released by the adrenal medulla and is also a hormone?
Norepi
What neurotransmitter is limited to brain function and influences mood and emotions?
Epinephrine
What are the 3 catecholamines?
Norepi, Epi, and Dopamine
What is a brain neurotransmitter that functions to change emotions and also complex muscle movements?
Dopamine
What catecholamine is in short supply in individuals who are afflicted with Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
What is sometimes called the "feeling good" neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
What is the good stuff that sweeps you off your feet?
PEA
What is a brain neurotransmitter that influences moods, sensory perception and sleep?
Serotonin
Serotonin activity is mimicked by what?
LSD
What does GABA stand for?
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
What is an amino acid and is inhibitory in the CNS?
GABA
What is the most cranial embryonic region, which gives rise to the cerebrum?
Telencephalon
How many hemispheres does the telencephalon have?
2
What are visible ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
Gyrus
What are visible grooves on the surface of the cerebrum?
Sulcus
What are deep grooves on the surface of the brain?
Fissure
What are between hemispheres?
Fissure
What are the 52 areas that the cerebral surface is subdived into?
Brodmann Areas
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?
Motor, Sensory, and Assocation
What functional area controls neuron impulses that move away from the brain?
Motor
What functional area receives impuleses from the body?
Sensory
What functional area integrates information and has to do with any area that DOES NOT start with the name "primary"?
Association
What is the name for the 5 regions of the cerebrum?
Lobes
What are the 5 lobes?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, and Insula
What are large neurons that is loacted in Bordmann area #4?
Pyramidal Cells
What is the region that allows us to learn repititous motor skills, like keyboarding?
Premotor Cortex
What is it where the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body; left does right?
Contralateral Control
What controls motor speech but not sensory speech?
Borca's Area
What part of the frontal lobe controls voluntary eye movements?
Frontal Eye Field
What part of the frontal lobe has neurons for cnscious intellect which include activities like reasoning, judgment, planning, conscience and personality?
Prefrontal Cortex
What part of the parietal lobe is located near the bottom of the post central gyrus?
Custatory Cortex
What area of the parietal lobe is the area where spoken language is understood?
Wernicke's Area
What lobe is deep to the temporal bone and the lateral fissure?
Insula
What disease results from lesions in the substantia nigra, characterized by tremors, and akinesia?
Parkinsons Disease
What are from lesions in the putamen, which leads to flickin movements in the hands, face and body parts?
Chorea
What consists of myelinated fibers that pass through the nervous system between gray areas?
White Matter