Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the electochemical wave of conduction that enters the axon of a neuron and stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter?
|
Impulse Transmission
|
|
Is the cell polarized or depolarized when the cell is at "rest"?
|
Polarized
|
|
About how many times more sodium is outside the cell than inside?
|
14
|
|
About how many times more potassium is inside the cell than outside?
|
30
|
|
What is the net charge outside a cell?
|
Positive
|
|
What is the net charge inside a cell?
|
Negative
|
|
What are positive ions also called?
|
Cations
|
|
What are negative ioins also called?
|
Anions
|
|
When a cell is stimulated, is the membrane polarized or depolarized, to a point that passes the threshold and leads to an action potential?
|
Depolarized
|
|
What are large proteins in the membrane which have some sort of gate that allows sodium ions to pass through, but not potassium?
|
Sodium Channels
|
|
How long are sodium channels open for?
|
Thousandths of a second
|
|
What is the movement of sodium into the cell that stops when the sodium gates close?
|
Inactivation Gates Close
|
|
What is the actual voltage inside a cell that is depolarized to a point past the threshold which causes an action potential?
|
-70mV to +30mV
|
|
What gates open as the sodium channels are closing theirs?
|
Potassium Channels
|
|
Do potassium gates close slowly or quickly after the cell has been repolarized and usually somewhat hyperpolarized?
|
Slowly
|
|
What is a period of time during which a cell membrane will not respond at all or will not respond to a typical stimulus?
|
Refractory Period
|
|
What is the time when the sodium gates are open during which the cell will absolutely not respond to another stimulus?
|
Absolute Refactory Period
|
|
How long does the absolute refactory period last in neurons?
|
0.4 msec
|
|
How long does the absolute refactory period last in the heart muscles?
|
250 msec
|
|
What is the time after the sodium gates have closed, but while the potassium gates are still open?
|
Relative Refactory Period
|
|
The first place repolarization occurs is at the spot where what happened?
|
Depolarization Started
|
|
Where is the only place where transmitters appear to be relased from?
|
Ends of an axon of neurons
|
|
Can both muscle cell membranes and neuron cell membranes be depolarized?
|
Yes
|
|
Are muscle cell memebranes slower, faster, or have the same rate as neuron cell membranes?
|
Slower
|
|
How much slower are muscle cell membranes than neuron cell membranes?
|
18 times
|
|
What is the communication gap between 2 cells?
|
Synapse
|
|
What type of synapse is where only axons produce a neurotransmitter so messages can only be passed from an axon to another cell?
|
One Way
|
|
What type of synapse has any process that makes the impulse pass more easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
|
Facilitation
|
|
What are 3 examples of facilitation?
|
Caffeine, Amphetamines, and Alkalosis
|
|
What type of synapse has any process that makes an impulse pass less easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
|
Inhibition
|
|
Is alkalosis or acidosis where the pH has gone up (eg 7.5)?
|
Alkalosis
|
|
Is alkalosis or acidosis where the pH has gone down (eg 7.3)
|
Acidosis
|
|
What is the normal range for pH?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
What are examples of inhibition?
|
Opium, morphine, and acidosis
|
|
What is a prostaglandin inhibitor?
|
Aspirin
|
|
What type of inhibition is produced by our cells when we are exposed to potential pain?
|
Endorphins
|
|
What is much more powerful than morphine in their ability to kill pain?
|
Endorphins
|
|
What is also known as a "runners high"?
|
Endorphins
|
|
What is the most understood neurotransmitter?
|
Ach
|
|
What transmitter stimulates muscle contraction when it is released by motor neurons into the neuromuscular junction (synapse)?
|
Ach
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve that slows down heart rate?
|
Ach
|
|
What does the suffix "-ase" mean?
|
Enzyme
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released by sympatheic neurons of the ANS?
|
Norepinephrine
|
|
What are norepi and epi resorbed from synapse by?
|
Axons
|
|
What is released by the adrenal medulla and is also a hormone?
|
Norepi
|
|
What neurotransmitter is limited to brain function and influences mood and emotions?
|
Epinephrine
|
|
What are the 3 catecholamines?
|
Norepi, Epi, and Dopamine
|
|
What is a brain neurotransmitter that functions to change emotions and also complex muscle movements?
|
Dopamine
|
|
What catecholamine is in short supply in individuals who are afflicted with Parkinson's disease?
|
Dopamine
|
|
What is sometimes called the "feeling good" neurotransmitter?
|
Dopamine
|
|
What is the good stuff that sweeps you off your feet?
|
PEA
|
|
What is a brain neurotransmitter that influences moods, sensory perception and sleep?
|
Serotonin
|
|
Serotonin activity is mimicked by what?
|
LSD
|
|
What does GABA stand for?
|
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
|
|
What is an amino acid and is inhibitory in the CNS?
|
GABA
|
|
What is the most cranial embryonic region, which gives rise to the cerebrum?
|
Telencephalon
|
|
How many hemispheres does the telencephalon have?
|
2
|
|
What are visible ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
|
Gyrus
|
|
What are visible grooves on the surface of the cerebrum?
|
Sulcus
|
|
What are deep grooves on the surface of the brain?
|
Fissure
|
|
What are between hemispheres?
|
Fissure
|
|
What are the 52 areas that the cerebral surface is subdived into?
|
Brodmann Areas
|
|
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?
|
Motor, Sensory, and Assocation
|
|
What functional area controls neuron impulses that move away from the brain?
|
Motor
|
|
What functional area receives impuleses from the body?
|
Sensory
|
|
What functional area integrates information and has to do with any area that DOES NOT start with the name "primary"?
|
Association
|
|
What is the name for the 5 regions of the cerebrum?
|
Lobes
|
|
What are the 5 lobes?
|
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, and Insula
|
|
What are large neurons that is loacted in Bordmann area #4?
|
Pyramidal Cells
|
|
What is the region that allows us to learn repititous motor skills, like keyboarding?
|
Premotor Cortex
|
|
What is it where the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body; left does right?
|
Contralateral Control
|
|
What controls motor speech but not sensory speech?
|
Borca's Area
|
|
What part of the frontal lobe controls voluntary eye movements?
|
Frontal Eye Field
|
|
What part of the frontal lobe has neurons for cnscious intellect which include activities like reasoning, judgment, planning, conscience and personality?
|
Prefrontal Cortex
|
|
What part of the parietal lobe is located near the bottom of the post central gyrus?
|
Custatory Cortex
|
|
What area of the parietal lobe is the area where spoken language is understood?
|
Wernicke's Area
|
|
What lobe is deep to the temporal bone and the lateral fissure?
|
Insula
|
|
What disease results from lesions in the substantia nigra, characterized by tremors, and akinesia?
|
Parkinsons Disease
|
|
What are from lesions in the putamen, which leads to flickin movements in the hands, face and body parts?
|
Chorea
|
|
What consists of myelinated fibers that pass through the nervous system between gray areas?
|
White Matter
|