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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is a muscle a tissue, organ, or both?
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Both
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
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What are the 3 functions of muscles?
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Movement, Posture, and Heat Production
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What is the function of a muscle where bones, blood, chyme and urine are being moved?
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Movement
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What function of a muscle is where the muscle maintains a "firm" body condition?
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Posture
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What function of a muscle is the major source of heat?
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Head Production
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What does "sacro" mean?
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Flesh
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What is flesh?
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Stuff between skin and bones
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What are examples of flesh?
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Muscles, Connective Tissue, and Fat
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What is "sacro" another word for?
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Muscle
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What are each cells called?
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Fiber
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What is a muscle cell membrane also called?
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Sacrolemma
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What are muscle cytoplasm called?
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Sacroplasm
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Which type of muscle is the only one that is non-straited?
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Smooth
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What is the shape of a smooth muscle?
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Squamos
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Where are cardiac and smooth muscle nucleus located?
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In the center
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What type of muscle has the slowest rate of response?
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Smooth
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What type of muscle has the slowest rate of fatigue?
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Smooth
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Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?
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Involuntary
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What does involuntary mean?
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Can't control it
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What does voluntary mean?
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Controllable
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What are the 2 parts of the Nervous System?
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CNS & PNS
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What does PNS stand for?
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Peripheral Nervous System
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What does CNS stand for?
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Central Nervous System
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What does the CNS consist of?
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Brain & Spinal Cord
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What does the PNS consist of?
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CN, Spinal Nerves, and Ganglia
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What are the clusters of neuron cell nuclei that are outside the CNS?
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Ganglia
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Which cranial nerves are voluntary?
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4,6,7,9,11,12
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What cranial nerves are involuntary?
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3 & 10
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What is an example of a voluntary spinal nerve?
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Moving fingers & toes
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What is an example of an involuntary spinal nerve?
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Heart beat
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What is involuntary also called?
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Autonomic
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What are 2 opposing divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
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Which division of the ANS is "fight and flight response"?
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Sypmathetic
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What division of the ANS is "rest & digest"?
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Parasympathetic
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Which division of the ANS has only the thoraco-lumbar spinal nerves and no cranial nerves envolved?
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Sypmathetic
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What division of the ANS is where your body changes and helps you get out of danger?
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Sympathetic
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What division of the ANS is where it has the opposite effect that calms you down and allows food to digestion?
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Parasympathetc
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What division of the ANS has sacral spinal nerves and cranial nerves 3,7,9, and 10 and the craniosacral nerves?
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Parasympathetic
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What cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic division?
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3,7,9, 10
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Whas type of muscle is in the gut (esophagus, stomach, and intestine)?
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Smooth
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What are donut shaped muscles that originate and insert on themselves?
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Sphincters
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What happens when a sphincter contracts?
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They close down on an opening
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What type of muscles do large arteries have?
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Smooth
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What are examples of ducts that have smooth muscles that move something?
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Ureter, Vas Deferns, and Oviduct
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What makes hair stand erect?
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Arrector Pili
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What are air passages in the lungs that are able to constrict and dilate?
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Bronchioles
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What type of smooth muscle is in the ciliary body of the eye?
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Smooth
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What does "syncytium" mean?
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Multi-nucleated
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Where is the nuclei located in the skeletal muscle?
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Edge of cell
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What type of muscle has the fastest rate of response?
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Skeletal
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What type of muscle has the fastest fatigue rate?
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Skeletal
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Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?
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Voluntary
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What are distinct dark bands that line up with the other striations in the tissue?
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Intercalated Discs
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Where are intercalated discs located at?
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Ends of muscle cells where the ends are attached to one another
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What type of muscle has the median rate of response?
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Cardiac
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What type of muscle has the median rate of fatigue?
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Cardiac
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What is the name for the end of a muscle that "does not move" during contraction?
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Origin
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What attachment of the muscle is closer to the midline (origin or insertion)?
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Origin
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What attachment of muscles is the name for the other end of that "does move"?
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Insertion
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What is a type of common insertion that has an example of triceps?
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Head
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What are muscles that wrap around chambers to make chambers smaller?
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Cardiac
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What type of connective tissue is loose, white, and is like spider webs?
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Areolar
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What type of connective tissue surrounds groups of muscles and holds them together?
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Deep Fascia
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What type of c.t is the outer c.t layer that surrounds muscles?
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Epimysium
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What type of c.t surrounds each muscle fascicle?
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Perimysium
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What is the outer layer of the muscle fiber (cell)?
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Muscle Fascicle
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What type of c.t doesn't stretch or give, is collagen based, and is the inner layer of muscles?
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Endomysium
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What are three continuous sheets of c.t that attaches to tendons and aponeuroses?
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Endomysium, Perimysium, and epimysium
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What is within each fiber (muscle cell)?
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Myofibrils
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Myofibrils are made of?
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Myofilaments
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What are the 5 types of myofilaments?
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Myosin, Actin, Muscle striations, Sarcomere, and Cross-sections
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Other than myosin, actin, sarcomere, and cross sections what is the other type of myofilament?
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Muscle striations
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What type of myofilament is thick and is surrounded my tink filaments?
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Myosin
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What type of myofilament is think and has globular proteins?
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Actin
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What type of myofilament has dark and has bands of thick filaments?
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Muscle Striations
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What type of myofilament is part of the myofibril that lies between two z-lines?
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Sarcomere
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What band or word means "not orientated in the same direction?"
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Anisotropic or A-Band
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What band or word means "orientated in the same direction?"
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Isotropic or I-Band
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What line is in the middle of a sarcomere?
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M-Line
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What band or word stands for "bright" in German?
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Helle or H-Band
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What filaments "crawl" along actin filaments pulling Z-lines closer together?
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Myosin
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What stimulation is the origin of contractions in the nervous system?
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Neurogenic
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What stimulation has axons from motor neurons that contact muscle cells at a junction between the neuron and the muscle cell?
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Neruomusclular Function
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What does Ach stand for?
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Acetylcholine
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What is the stuff that is released from motor neurons that release to the cell nucleus?
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Ach
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What type of neuromuscular junction has an up & down change in membrane charge?
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Action Potential
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Is sodium in high concentration outside or inside a cell?
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Outside
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Is potassium in high concentration inside our outside the cell?
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Inside
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Is sodium in high concentration outside or inside a cell?
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Outside
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What neuronmuscular junction travels over the cell's membrane?
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Action potential
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What part of the cardiac maintains its own rhythm?
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Myogenic
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What 2 things is the cardiac rate regulated by?
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Neurons and Hormones
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What hormone decreases heart rate in the cardiac?
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Ach
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What hormone increases heart rate in the cardiac?
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Norepinephrine (norepi)
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What 2 things does the adrenal medulla release?
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
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What sits like a party hat on top of each kidney and releases 2 hormones, norepi and epi?
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Adrenal Medulla
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What hormones travel through the blood and arrive at virtually all tissues including the heart?
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Norepi & Epi
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Is potassium in high concentration inside our outside the cell?
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Inside
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What neuronmuscular junction travels over the cell's membrane?
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Action potential
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What part of the cardiac maintains its own rhythm?
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Myogenic
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What 2 things is the cardiac rate regulated by?
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Neurons and Hormones
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What hormone decreases heart rate in the cardiac?
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Ach
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What hormone increases heart rate in the cardiac?
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Norepinephrine (norepi)
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What 2 things does the adrenal medulla release?
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
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What sits like a party hat on top of each kidney and releases 2 hormones, norepi and epi?
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Adrenal Medulla
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What hormones travel through the blood and arrive at virtually all tissues including the heart?
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Norepi & Epi
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What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?
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Medulle and Cortex
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What adrenal gland secretes many hormones which have a variety of functions (like dumping potassium in urine), anti-inflammatory, and produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone?
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Cortex
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What type of muscle contains actin and myosin that does NOT line up in nice neat columns unlike the other 2 types of muscle?
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Smooth
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What autonomic stimulation is in smooth muscle and decreases blood flow to the guyts, but increases blood flow to skeletal muscles?
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Sympathetic
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What are "prime movers"?
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Anatoginists or Agonists
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What is the largest muscle that causes a common action?
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Prime Mover (Agonist)
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What assists the prime mover?
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Synergist
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What stabilizes one area to support the movement of another?
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Fixators
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Muscles are what to the part moved?
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Proximal
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How are muscles named?
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Location, action, depth, length, angle of fibers, and shape.
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Other than location, depth, length, angle of fibers, and shape how are muscles named?
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Action
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What is an example of action?
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Levator scapulae
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What is an example of direction of fibers?
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Rectus Femoris or External Oblique
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What is an example of location?
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Biceps Femoris or Gluteus Medius
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What is an example of number of heads?
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Triceps Brachii
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What is an example of shape?
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Deltoid, Trapezius, and Peroneus Longus
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What is an example of points of attachment?
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Sternocleidomastoid or Geniohyoid
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What is an example of size?
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Gluteus Maximus or Teres Minor
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What is an example of a flexion?
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Flexor digitorum longus
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What is an example of an extension?
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Extensor carpi ulnaris
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What is an example of an abduction?
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
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What is an example of an Adduction?
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Adductor Pollicis
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What is an example of supination?
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Supinator
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What is an example of pronation?
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Pronator Teres
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What is an example of Elevation?
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Levator Scapulae
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What is an example of Depression?
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Depressor anguli oris
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What is an example of sphinction?
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Cardiac sphinctor
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What is an example of tension?
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Tensor fascae latae
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What is the first cycle when talking about embryology?
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Ovarian Cycle
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What is embryology?
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Study of embryos
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What day do many oocytes begin to develop?
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Day 1
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What is the name for the remaining mature follicle?
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Graafian Follicle
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What day does ovulation occur?
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Day 14
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How long does sperm last in fertilization?
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48-72 hrs.
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What day of embryonic development is it at a two-cell stage?
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Day 2
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What day is when the embryo is shaped like a mulberry?
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Day 3
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What is the anatomical name for mulberry?
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Morula
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What day does the embryo become a hollow ball, called a "blastocyst"?
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Day 4
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What day does the embryo start to implant the enometrium?
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Day 6
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What day does the blastocyst form an embryonic disc?
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Day 8
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What consists of many cells that are arranged in 2 layers, epiblast and hypoblast?
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Bilaminar Discs
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What day is implantation complete?
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Day 10
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What day does placental circulation begin?
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Day 11
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What day does gastrulatoin begin?
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Day 15
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What day are the 3 embryonic germ layers formed?
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Day 15
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What process begins with the 2 layers of epiblast and hypoblast and deveops a third layer?
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Gastrulation
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What are the 3 germ layers that are formed?
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Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to all of the nervous system, pineal gland, pituitary glands, skin epidermis, eyes, inner ear, and tooth enamel?
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Ectoderm
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What gives rise to all connective tissues which include bones and cartilage?
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Mesoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive system?
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Endoderm
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On what day is gastrulation complete and the germinal discs now consists of 3 germ layers?
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Day 17
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What day does the top layer of the germinal discs become thick along the long axis of the center of the discs forming a neural plate?
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Day 19
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On what day does the neural plate fold into a tube called the neural tube?
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Day 21
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