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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The catabolism of _____ involves the oxidative cleavage of the porphyrin ring.
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hemoglobin
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_____ is an essential amino acid in individuals consuming a diet devoid of methionine.
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cysteine
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_____ is the precursor of cysteine.
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methionine
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An increase in gluconeogenesis releases increased ammonia and results in increased _____ production.
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urea
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The essential amino acids leucine and lysine are _____.
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ketogenic
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_____ are synthesized from arachidonic acid.
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prostaglandins
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Linoleic acid is a (non-essential or essential) fatty acid.
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essential
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Dietary triacylglycerol is partially hydrolyzed and absorbed as _____ and _____.
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free fatty acids
monoacylglycerol |
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In the alcoholic who is metabolizing alcohol, increased cytosolic NADH deprives _____ of substrate by converting pyruvate to lactate and/or oxaloacetate to malate.
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gluconeogenesis
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true or false
FFAs in the cytosol of a hepatocyte are used to generate pyruvate which is used to make glucose in the fasting state. |
false
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The cori cycle carries _____ from the liver to muscle and _____ from muscle to liver.
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glucose
lactate |
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Dietary triacylglycerol is partially hydrolyzed and absorbed as _____ and _____.
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FFAs
2-monoacylglycerol |
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Most dietary lipids are exported from the intestinal mucosal cells in _____.
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chylomicrons
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true or false
Steatorrhea may be caused by increased excretion of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins. |
false
it may be caused by decreased bile salts, decreased pancreatic enzymes, decreased absorption loss of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins is a consequence of steatorrhea |
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_____ molecules stored in adipose tissue represent the major reserve of substrate providing energy during a prolonged fast.
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TAG
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During a prolonged fast, _____ activates HSL to produce _____.
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epinephrine
FFA |
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The VLDL synthesized by the liver contains newly synthesized _____ for delivery to _____.
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triacylglycerols
adipose tissue |
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With a normal diet, B-oxidation is ____ during the absorptive phase and ____ during the fasting phase.
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off, on
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With Atkins diet, B-oxidation is ____ during the absorptive phase and ____ during the fasting phase.
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on, on
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With G6Pase deficiency, B-oxidation is ____ during the absorptive phase and ____ during the fasting phase.
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off, off (except for very long fasts)
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The form in which most dietary lipids are packaged and exported from the intestinal mucosal cells is as ______.
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chylomicrons
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During a prolonged fast, HSL is _____ by a cyclic AMP-activated protein kinase due to high _____ levels.
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phosphorylated
epinephrine |
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Increased formation of ketone bodies during fasting is a result of _____.
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increased levels of free fatty acids in serum
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true or false
Individuals with a hereditary deficiency of carnitine palmitoyl transferase II have muscle weakness. |
true
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A defect in carnitine palmitoyl transferase II prevents normal transport of _____.
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activated fatty acids into the mitochondria for B-oxidation.
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Why is it important that liver cells lack 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase?
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If the liver contained this enzyme, it would be able use ketones and unable to supply ketone bodies as fuels for other tissues.
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Why does a high concentration of ammonia decrease the rate of the citric acid cycle?
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A high concentration of ammonia drives the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction in reverse. The citric acid cycle slows as a-ketoglutarate is consumed.
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