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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryote (name) |
from the greek words for prenucleus |
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Eukaryote (Name) |
from the Greek words for true nucleus |
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Prokaryotes* vs Eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes - one circular chromosome, not in a nucleus - DNA associated w/ histones: No(bacteria) Yes (archaea) - No organelles - Peptidoglycan cell walls (bacteria only) - Divide by binary fission |
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes* |
Eukaryotes: - Linear chromosomes, in nucleus - DNA associated with Histones: Yes - Organelles - No Peptidoglycan in cells walls - Divide via mitosis |
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Prokaryote cell size and shape |
Avg. size: 1-10 micrometer Basic prok. shapes: - Coccus (round) - Bacillus (rod) - Spiral (usually seen in pathogenic) |
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Prokaryotes Unusual shapes |
- Star-shaped Stella Bacteria - Square Haloarcula archaea |
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Prokaryotic shape: spiral |
1) Vibrio - curved rod 2) Spirillum - rigid; spiral/corkscrew shape 3) Spirochete - flexible; spiral shape |
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cocci shape |
1) plane of division: pairs: diplo or streptococci: chains of cells 2) Tetrad - 4 cells 3) Sarcinae - 4) Staphylococci - cell clusters |
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Bacilli (rods) arrangements |
1) single bacillus 2) diplobacilli - pairs 3) streptobacilli - chains 4) coccobacillus - no real definition |
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Cell structures |
All have: Cytoplasm Ribosomes, plasma membrane, Nucleoid containing DNA, |
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Glycocalyx |
- Secreted by most prokaryotes - Outside cell wall; on cell surface - usually sticky |
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3 types of external structures of Glycocalyx |
1) Capsule - neatly organized: prevent phagocytosis 2) Slime layer - unorganized, loose 3) Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) - mediates cell attachment |
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Flagella |
Used for locomotion - outside cell wall - made of chains of flagellin (protein) |
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Four basic arrangements of bacterial flagella |
a) Monotrichous b) Amphitrichous c) Lophotrichous d) peritrichous |
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Motile Cells |
Rotate Flagella to run and tumble - Chemotaxis - by sensing chemicals - Phototaxis - to/from light |
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Axial Filaments ( Endoflagella) |
- In Spirochetes - Anchored at one end of a cell - rotation Movement - like a corkscrew |
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Fimbriae |
- Shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella - at cell poles or entire surface - attachment to surfaces |
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Pili (aka sex pili) |
- longer than fimbriae - only one or two per cell - used to transfer DNA from one cell to another |
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Prokaryotic cell wall |
- complex, semi-rigid structure responsible for cell shape - Protects the cell & prevents osmotic lysis - Located outside of underlying plasma membrane - Contributes to the pathogenicity of some species - Site of action for some antibiotics - Made of peptidoglycan |
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Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls |
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Gram-positive Bacterial cell walls |
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Gram-Positive Cell walls |
Teichoic acids - Lipoteihcoic acid - links to plasma membrane - Wall teichoic acid - links to peptidoglycan |
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