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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT is the 3rd line of defense?
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Aquired specific immunity
-B or T cells |
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Where do B cells mature?
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Stay in bone marrow
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Where do T cells mature?
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Go to the Thymis to mature
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Describe the 3rd line of defense
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-lag time
-builds up an army of cells -B &T cells only recognize specific cells -T-cells direct cell to cell communication |
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Name some T-cells
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-Cytotoxic(CD8)-drect killers
-Helper(CD4) helps other cells do their job better -suppressed-some cells bring response to a hault |
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What does the T-cell activation do
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-APC-antigen presenting cell-it's the tattle tale, Macrophages
-the cell engulfs something, then it's present with a cell membrane protein associated with an atigen -better at intracellular |
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What can't T-cells recognize?
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Can't recognize cells, they can only recognize a protein or a carbohydrate
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Clonal expansion
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Making an army of cells
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Antibody-mediated immunity
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B-cells
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B-cells
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-recognize whole cells
-must be outside of cells and whole -viruses hide inside but must move, then B-cells attach |
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What does plasma do?
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makes antibodies
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Immunoglobin(Ig)
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is an antibody
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What engulf the cells?
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neutrophils and magocytes
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What pokes holes into the viruses?
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Complement proteins
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Are B-cells specific?
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Yes they only recognize one
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What can antibodies do?
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-Activate complements
-attract phagocytes -cause agglutination -neutralize toxins or microbes |
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What is the primary immune response?
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-the time it takes to build antibodies
-there is a lag time -show symtoms and get sick |
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secondary?
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-quicker
-the second it responds faster -memory cells |
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How do memory cells work?
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They recognize the invaders and kill them quickly which keeps you from getting chicken pox twice.
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Passive Immunity
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-give antibodies from somewhere else
-short-term immunity |
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Active Immunity
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-your body is actively making antibodies
-vaccine is being infected with something |
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The Utopian Drug
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-easily adminstered
-reach and be toxic to to the infectios agents -non-toxic to humans -non-allergenic -cheap -not be degraded fast |
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What goes into making a drug?
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-look into different structure
-look different from metabolism -cell wall -prokaryotic-have ribosomes -1 circular DNA piece in cytoplasm |
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What are some targets for drug?
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-cell wall
-nucleic acid -protein synthesis -cell membrane -enzymes,filia, locomotion |
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Why are there fewer drugs that have an effect on the cell membrane and nucleic acid?
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-they are similar to our own cells
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What does antibiotic resistence mean?
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when bacteria isn't killed by the antibodies.
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How do we get antibiotic resistance?
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-by not finishing a perscription
-most cells that are left are anitbiotic resistent then it passes from person to person. -taking someone else's medicine -antibiotics in our farm animals |
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How can we conteract antibiotic resitence?
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-don't feed animals antibiotics
-make sure people take all drugs -give antibiotic in combination -don't take antibiotics when we don't need them |
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why is it difficult to make a drug against a virus?
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bc they live inside cells and its harder to get in
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Why is it difficult to take drugs against fungi, protozoan, or multicellular parasites?
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their cells are very similar to ours(except yeast)
-fungi has cell walls -drugs that work attack our muscles |
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What is included in Upper respiratory tract?
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nose and throat regions
-sinus -nose cavity -external nose -nostril |
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functions of the upper respiratory system?
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-smell
-filtration -condition air -vioce quality |
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what parts does the lower respiratory tract include?
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-larnyx
-trachea -2 bronchi -lungs |
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what are the functions of lower respiratory tract?
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-produce sounds
-route food -exchange gases -conditioned air |
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O2 transport
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air-blood-tissues
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Co2 transport
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tissue-blood-air
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Inspiration
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moving air in, inhale
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expriration
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exhale, moving air out
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What are two sets of muscles that help you breath?
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rib muscles
diaphramn |
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What happens during inspiration
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-contract muscles
-increase volume -decrease pressure |
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What happens during expiration?
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-relax the muscles
-decrease volume -increase pressure |
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What helps oxygen to transport?
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-hemoglobin(found in red blood cells)
-bound to iron |
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How many hemoglobins are found in 4 oxygen molecules?
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1 hemoglobin
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Oxygen exchange and transport?
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-oxygen binds more when high levels of O2
-neutral pH -cooler temps Conditions found in the lungs |
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Carbon dioxide tranportation??
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-hemoglobin (some but very small)
-most as biocarbonate (HCO-3) in plasma |
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What are some problems associated with the respiratory tract?
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-asthma
-emphysema -cold -lung cancer -flu |
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What happens during Bronchitis and Asthma?
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-Bronchiles spasm and constrict
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What are some cardiorespiratory responses to altitude?
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-21% of O2 in the atmosphere
-the air pressure goes down -decrease in oxygen pressure -harder to oxygenate blood |
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What is the influenza (Flu)?
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-A virus 3 major types (ABC)
-Antigenic drift and shift(cause immune response) -Yearly vaccine made of 3 influenza viruses |
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Bird Flu
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-flu found in bird species
-The wild birds don't show symptoms -could transmit person to person |
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The common cold
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-caused by over 100 viruses
-hard to make a vaccine for |
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Lung cancer
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2nd most common cancer
-13% of diagnosed cancer -28% of all cancer death -most deadly cancer |
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What are the two types of lung cancer?
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non-small (80%)
small(20%) epithelial tissue is affected |
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Compounds found in cancer
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-over 4,000 chemicals
-over 50 known to cause cancer -many other toxic compounds |
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Smoking and non-cancer health problems
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-bone loss
-cateracts -infertility -heart disease -stroke -aging -bronchitis and emphysema |
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What types of cancer can you get from smoking?
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-lung, oral cavity, pharync, larynx, esophagus, bladder, stomach, cervi, kidney, pancreas, and some leukemia
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Smokless tobacco
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28-cancer causing agents and nicotine
-increased risk of oral cavity diseases |
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Second-hand smoke and Environmental Smoke (ES)
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-contains over 4,000 chemicals
-increase risk of cancer, cvd, SIDS |
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
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-keeps the brain in contact with everything else
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Central nervous system?
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brain and spinal cord
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What is the protect and support of the CNS?
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Boney cases
meninges cebrospinal fluid shock absorber support |
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What is the blood brain barrier?
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-the brains most formidable gatekeeper
-protects the brain by allowing very few things past. |
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Boney cases
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-skull
-vertebral collumn |
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Meninges
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3 connective tissue that form a covering (3 layers)
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what parts are included in the cns?
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-brain
-brain stem -cerebelum -limbic system -cerebrum -spinal cord |
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The brain is composed of what systems?
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-limbic
-brain stem -cerebrum -cerebellum |
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What is the brain stem?
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-reptilian or primative brain
-vital functions such as breathing and heart beat |
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Cerebellum
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little or hind brain
-coordination and balance |
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Limbic system
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-emotional brain
-maintains many vital functions -memory emotions involved with smell 4 f's-feeing, fighting, fleeing, and reproduction |
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Cerebum
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-4 lobes
occipal-vision parietal-sensations temporal-hearing frontal-conscious thought, speech |
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The PNS
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1.somatic
2.Autonomic |
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Somatic
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controls sensations and voluntary movement
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Autonomic
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controls automatic functions
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What are the two main parts of the autonomic division
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sympathetic-stressful times
Parasympathetic-peaceful times |
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Nervous tissue cells
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Neurons-main nervous cell
Neuroglia-small supporting cells |
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What are the main types of neurons?
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sensory(PNS)
Interneurons(CNS) Motor(PNS) |
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How does information move through the 3 types of neurons
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sensory-interneurons-motor
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Mylinated
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insulation on the axon
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Schwann cells
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type of neurgla
-insulated axons |
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Node of Ronvior
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spaces between the myolin sheath
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Saltory conduction
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way a nerve impulse is conducted along a myolinated axon
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Axon bulbs
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In order to cross the gap the electrical impulse must turn into a neurotransmitter
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Multiple Sclerosis
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-autoimmune disorder
-progressive destruction |
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What are some symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
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-autoimmune disorder
-progressive destruction of myelin sheath -results in scerloses -onset 20-40 years old |
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Nerve impulse transmission
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1.electrical impulse and calcium diffuses into the bulb
2.vesicle with neurotransmitter fuse 3.Neutransmitter binds to cell 4.Cell is electrically stimulated. |
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What are some other nervous system diseases?
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-shingles
-Alzheimer's -Madd Cow and VCJD(Human version), CWD |
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What is shingles?
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-form of herpes
-hang out in nerve cells -usually painful rash(abdomen) -infectious -usually over 50 -fluid filled blisters filled with viruses and can easily spread. |
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Alzheimer's
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-lack of acetycholine
-frontal lobr and limbic system -problems with memory, personality, dementia -tangled neutrons -amyloid plaques -prions?? |
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Mad Cow disease and VCJD
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-prion disease
-proteins in nerve cells misfolded -leads to holes and plaques in the brain -100% fatal -normal protein that has denatured(misfolded) |
