Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Primary Breeder |
"grandparents" produce the "parent stock" |
|
|
Breeder |
"parents" -produce the fertile hatching eggs that are sent to the hatchery -they produce the egg layers |
|
|
Commercial pullet |
immature female -future egg-laying bird |
|
|
Commercial layer |
sexually mature egg-laying chicken |
|
|
what path do the fertile eggs produced by the "parents" take |
fertile eggs --> hatchery -at the hatchery, the eggs hatch -males are removed from the flock -pullets grow up to be egg layers |
|
|
producers |
The term for the human farmers in the egg business |
|
|
Why do the hatcheries have to be kept extremely clean? |
Newly hatched chicks are very susceptible to dying from disease in the first weeks of life |
|
|
# of days for chicken chicks to hatch? |
21 days |
|
|
# of days for turkey chicks to hatch? |
28 days |
|
|
What subcutaneous vaccination to chicks receive on their first day of life? |
Marek's vaccination |
|
|
What two diseases are chicks vaccinated for via a spray method? |
Newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) Bronchitis |
|
|
How do pullets travel to the grow out facility? |
Heated truck |
|
|
How are pullets housed at the grow out facility? |
Pullet cages or raised on a heated floor |
|
|
What age are pullets moved to egg laying farms? |
17 weeks of age |
|
|
How are chickens grouped at egg producing farms? |
They are housed in a "layer house" with other birds of the same age |
|
|
Multi-age layer complex |
-a complex made of multiple houses -each house contains a flock of birds that are the same age: ie one may have birds that are 36 weeks old, another house may have birds that are 40 weeks old -flocks are introduced and removed from the house at the same time (all-in-all-out) |
|
|
Enriched cages |
Cages that allow/encourage chickens to perform natural behaviors such as scratching |
|
|
Organic chickens must: |
1. have access to the outside 2. be fed organic feed from a certified producer |
|
|
what values are graphed daily in an egg production facility? |
1. eggs laid 2. mortality 3. "case weight" 4. bird weight |
|
|
As birds become older, the produce _____ eggs |
larger |
|
|
What does egg "processing" entail? |
1. washing the eggs 2. organizing eggs by size class 3. packaging eggs |
|
|
What is in-line processing? |
Where eggs are processed at the same site as they are produced |
|
|
What is breaking and pasteurization? |
The process by which eggs are turned into products other than table eggs- ie egg whites or "egg beaters" |
|
|
Broiler industry |
birds used to produce meat |
|
|
How many birds are produced in the broiler industry? |
8 billion |
|
|
Grandparents |
produce the "parents"/ breeder stock |
|
|
Parents |
breeders produce fertile eggs that hatch and grow into the birds used for meat |
|
|
Broilers |
hatched from breeder (parent) eggs meat production birds |
|
|
Age of broiler birds |
6-8 weeks |
|
|
Age of roaster birds |
10-12 weeks |
|
|
#1 broiler producing state? |
Georgia 1.3 billion birds |
|
|
How are broiler chicks housed? |
Never in cages, always floor raised |
|
|
How are steroids and hormones free birds different than regular birds |
They aren't No steroids or hormones are ever used in boiler production |
|
|
#1 turkey producing state? |
Minnesota |
|
|
#1 egg producing state |
Iowa |
|
|
How are turkeys bread? |
Via AI The breast muscles are too large to make natural mating possible |
|
|
Why are males a females separated at the hatchery? |
Because the growth rates are so different |
|
|
What age are turkeys raised to before processing? |
females- 16-18 weeks toms- 18-20 weeks |
|
|
Why are the turkey chicks kept in fenced areas withing the brooding house? |
Because otherwise they will wonder and not be able to find their food or water |
|
|
What is the size of a tom at the time of production? |
36-40 lbs |
|
|
What is the size of a hen at the time of production? |
12-21 lbs |
|
|
what is beak treatment? |
The tip of the beak is trimmed off |
|
|
why are toe "dubbed"? |
To prevent birds from injuring each other by crawling on top of one another |
|
|
What is the most common cause of disease in poultry population medicine? |
Infectious |
|
|
How does the poultry industry prevent the unnecessary use of antibiotics? |
by prevention of disease 1. biosecurity 2. vaccination 3. sanitation |
|
|
Depopulation |
getting rid of the entire flock due to disease -rarely occurs -avian influenza or newcastle disease |
|
|
Culling |
removing certain sick individuals from a flock |
|
|
How are medications and treatments administered? |
In feed and Water |
|
|
What types of drugs are administered in feed? |
Antibiotics Anticoccidials Probiotics |
|
|
What types of medication are administered in water? |
Vitamins Electrolytes Water line sanitizers Vaccines Antibiotics |
|
|
What are the routes of administration for vaccines? |
1. In-ovo 2. water 3. spray 4. injection (inactivated vaccines) 5. wing web injection 6. eyedrops |
|
|
What are the key diseases at hatcheries that are transmitted horizontally? |
1. salmonella sp. 2. E.coli 3. Aspergillus fumigatus |
|
|
What is true vertical transmission |
a disease that is transmitted from hen to progeny via the oviduct or ovary |
|
|
What is apparent vertical transmission |
Disease that is transmitted to the chick via egg surface contamination |
|
|
How is true vertical and apparent vertical disease managed? |
By resolving the issue with the breeding flock |
|
|
Examples of diseases transmitted via horizontal transmission |
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Infectious bronchitis (IB) Newcastle/Paramyxovirus (PMV) |
|
|
What are some common vectors that transmit diseases to poultry? |
fomites humans (crews- beak treating, vaccination, ai) rodents wild birds bird transport equipment insects |
|
|
What are the important diseases of brooding age production poultry? |
Omphalitis Avian Encephalomyelitis Aspergillosis Salmonellosis Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine Reaction |
|
|
Omphalitis |
Retained or infected yolk sac |
|
|
How long should a yolk sac be present on a newly hatched chick? |
5 days |
|
|
Etiology of Omphalitis |
- a bacterial problem -bird gets chilled - stalk becomes constricted and infected- often from contaminated egg shell during hatching -E. Coli -Salmonella -yolk sac does not get absorbed |
|
|
Omphalitis transmission |
an example of apparent vertical transmission -egg shell contamination - oviduct contamination |
|
|
Management of omphalitis |
1. Prevention flocks free of E.coli (not really possible) improved sanitation egg shell sanitation 2. Treatment with antibiotics |
|
|
Common postmortem lesions of chicks infected with colibacillosis |
-airsacculitis, perihepatitis, pericarditis (in severe cases) -omphalitis/retained yolk sac -salpingitis (oviduct) -enteritis -synovitis/arthritis |
|
|
Avian Encephalomyelitis causative agent |
Picornavirus |
|
|
Transmission of Avian Encephalomyelitis |
True vertical transmission to chicks -followed by bird to bird transmission (horizontal) Horizontal transmission in adults -very low incidence of clinical signs |
|
|
Prevention of Avian Encephalomyelitis |
vaccinate the adult birds (parents) -they confer resistance to chicks |
|
|
Clinical signs/lesions of Avian Encephalomyelitis |
Neurologic signs- chick can't stand up subtle pale lesion on the gizzard swollen neurons in the brain lymphoid cuffing of the vessels atrophy of the purkinji cells cataracts (clouding of lense) |
|
|
Aspergillosis |
fungal disease in poultry production |
|
|
Clinical signs of Aspergillosis |
Dyspnea CNS signs |
|
|
Aspergillosis lesions |
-Yellow grey nodules or plaques in lungs and airsacs -caseous plugs in trachea -nodules/plaques in brain or eye (in severe cases) |
|
|
Poultry diseases with CNS signs |
1. Avian Encephalomyelitis 2. Aspergillosis |
|
|
Control of Aspergillosis |
1. try to prevent disease by sanitation and control in the hatchery and poultry house 2. culling infected birds 3. preventing moving cracked eggs |
|
|
How does aspergillosis get into the hatchery? |
1. cracked eggs gets contaminated and into the hatcher- grows aspergillosis 2. improperly dried litter (inhaled by birds when they hatch.
|
|
|
Infectious Bursal Disease |
Common viral disease of young chicks -birnavirus |
|
|
Infectious Bursal Disease presentations |
1. subclinical- seen in birds infected at less than 3 weeks of age - these birds will be immunosuppressed and be susceptible to disease later in life 2. clinical - seen in birds infected b/w 3-6 weeks old - high mortality, depression and vent picking, fluffed feathers |
|
|
Infectious bursal disease lesions |
1. subclinical- small bursa 2. clinical- hemorrhagic bursa, hemorrhagic muscle tissue |
|
|
Prevention of Infectious Bursal Disease |
1. vaccinate the breeders- prevents infection in the first 3 weeks of life 2. vaccinate the chicks- prevents infection after maternal antibodies wear off |
|
|
Common diseases of young production poultry that can be treated |
Omphalitis/retained yolk: treat with antibiotics
All the other diseases discussed had no treatments, only prevention methods |
|
|
Avian Encephalomyelitis key points |
Picornavirus True Vertical transmission Neurologic signs Atrophied purkinji cells cataracts |
|
|
Aspergillosis key points |
-fungus -cracked eggs -dyspenea -yellow/gray nodules/plaques -neurological signs |
|
|
Infectious Bursal Disease |
- viral disease -subclinical (first 3 weeks) -clinical (3-6 weeks) -depression, mortality, vent picking -hemorrhagic and early involution of bursa -immunosuppression |
|
|
Omphalitis key points |
-bacterial salmonella E. coli - apparent vertical - egg shell contamination -treat with antibiotics |
|
|
How is Omphalitis diagnosed? |
1. culture 2. identify postmortem lesions |
|
|
How is Avian Encephalomyeltis diagnosed? |
Histopathology of the brain and gizzard |
|
|
How is Aspergillosis diagnosed? |
Histopathology Culture |
|
|
How is infectious Bursal Disease diagnosed? |
Histopathology of the bursa Virus isolation PCR |
