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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most prevalent forms of malaria
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plasmodium vivax is most prevalent, p. falciparum is the most serious/deadly (and makes up 99% of mosquitoes in Haiti)
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symptoms of malaria
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fever, chills, flu-like illness
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main determinant of malarial distribution
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climate
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testing for malaria pros and cons
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microscopy(more sustainable, less expensive over time, but need trained clinician)
rapid diagnostic testing (no clinician needed, cheap in short run, but not sustainable) |
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most prevalent forms of malaria
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plasmodium vivax is most prevalent, p. falciparum is the most serious/deadly (and makes up 99% of mosquitoes in Haiti)
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what kind of mosquitoe transmits malaria
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female anopholes
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symptoms of malaria
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fever, chills, flu-like illness
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prevention
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vector control
larval control ITN IRS |
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main determinant of malarial distribution
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climate
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vector control
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most vectors are anthrophilic and endophagic; remedy: decrease contact between mosquitoes and humans
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testing for malaria pros and cons
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microscopy(more sustainable, less expensive over time, but need trained clinician)
rapid diagnostic testing (no clinician needed, cheap in short run, but not sustainable) |
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indoor residual spraying
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IRS; only effective when more than 70 percent of households in the village are sprayed;
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what kind of mosquitoe transmits malaria
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female anopholes
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larval control
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removal of stagnant water, draining swamps, placing oil on water
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prevention
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vector control
larval control ITN IRS |
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vector control
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most vectors are anthrophilic and endophagic; remedy: decrease contact between mosquitoes and humans
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treatment
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-quinine and chloroquine
-falcipurum is immune to chloroquine |
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indoor residual spraying
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IRS; only effective when more than 70 percent of households in the village are sprayed;
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larval control
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removal of stagnant water, draining swamps, placing oil on water
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malarial treatment
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-quinine and chloroquine
-falcipurum is immune to chloroquine |
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number of countries that are endemic for malaria
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109
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percent of individuals that live in areas of transmission
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41%
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annual incidence of death from malaria
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880,000 worldwide; 91 percent are in Africa, 85 percent are children under 5, most deaths in SSA
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eradication vs elimination
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eradication: worldwide incidence of zero cases
elimination: zero incidence of locally contracted cases |
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elimination of malaria
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roughly half of all countries have eliminated malaria in the last 150 years
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DDT and malaria
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effective treatment; intro of using DDT to control malaria in 1940’s resulted in huge decline, banning it in 1970’s following publishing of Silent Spring resulted in a resurgence
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mental health burden of disease
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14% of the global burden of disease
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Congo destabilization
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has been destabilized since 1998
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men and women in the congo-rates of sexual abuse
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40 percent of women were victims of sexual violence in the Congo
24 percent of men were victims |
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PTSD and congo sexual abuse
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50 percent of victims exhibited high levels of PTSD
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women stats-Congo
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27% of women had a child from a rape
50% of women are attacked at night in their own homes |
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Social impact of sexual abuse
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many women stopped going to church/market/field because of shame (social and economic activity halted)
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contributing factors of social stigma
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-local customs
-household finances -fear of STIs and HIV -influence of religious leaders -type of sexual violence (gang rape, whether or not other family members are present during the attack) |
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number of new cases of TB globally
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9.4 million
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estimated deaths from TB yearly
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1.8 million
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TB and immunity
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-1/3 of the world is infected with bacteria, but only a percentage will acquire TB based on state of immune system
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TB economic impact on developing countries
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-98% of cases in the developing world, a leading cause of death for people in the most economically productive age-groups.
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two types of TB
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drug susceptible vs drug resistant
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drug susceptible TB
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o 4-5 drugs, first line
o 6 months of treatment |
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drug resistant TB
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o 4-8 drugs, second line
o 18-24 months |
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ONCHOCERCIASIS
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Common name: river blindness
Cause -bites by simulium black flies Symptoms: -visual impairment, itching, nodules under skin Prevention -larval control(difficult), reducing individual exposure to the black flies Treatment -ivermectin for 6 mos to 1 year -stops generation of new larvae but not the adult worm |
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LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
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Symptoms:
120 million people infected -lymphedema, elephantitis, swelling of the scrotum (hydrocele) - leading cause of disability worldwide Prevention -controlling number of infected mosquitoes Treatment -will not eliminate the swelling, but will remove the parasite |
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SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS STATS
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Stats:
approximately 807-1,121 million with Ascaris approximately 604-795 million with whipworm approximately 576-740 million with hookworm |
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SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
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common name: intestinal worms
Found: - in warm moist climates -where sanitation and hygeine are poor -eggs of the worms are found in fecal matter Symptoms -abdominal pain, protein loss, rectal prolapse, physical and cognitive retardation, diarrhea Prevention: -improved sanitation -handwashing to prevent fecal oral Treatment -albendazole, school based administration every 6 months |
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Hookworm
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-enter through the skin rather than ingested
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TRACHOMA
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infects 41 million people, but 8 million show signs of visual impairment
Spread -contact with eye, nose or throat secretions or sometimes by flies Prevention -improved hygiene, handwashing, facial cleanliness Treatment: -antibiotics -to treat eye scarring, surgery is necessary |
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS
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transmitted by a flat worm
Symptoms: -chronic illness, organ damage (liver), impaired growth/cog devo CAUSES -defacation/urination in freshwater that infect snails that infect humans -enters through the skin Common in -poor areas of Asia, African, LA TREATMENT: -deworming medication administered regularly to the population PREVENTION: -snail population decrease -increase sanitation |
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primary means of TB transmission
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coughing especially in congested areas
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prevention of TB (vaccination)
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BCG
-however there is questionable efficacy -prevents meningitis in children |
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what is MDR-TB
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multidrug resistant TB
-resistant to rifampicin and isonizad -alternative: treat with more toxic less effective second line drugs |
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how can MDR-TB be cured
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Via DOTS
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problems with MDR-TB
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-too expensive and too complex to treat
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Incidence of MDR-TB
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450,000
Since March 200, around 105k patients approved for MDR-TB treatment |
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percent of HIV related deaths caused by TB
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10 percent
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ways to reduce the MDR TB epidemic
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-intensified ID to find all cases that exist
-community based treatment for those with MDR-TB -integration of TB and HIV care |
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percentage of deaths from chronic diseases in low/middle income countries
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60% of all deaths in 2005 (35 million)
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percentage of burden of disease-chronic diseases in low/middle income countries
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50 percent
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how much more likely are people in devo countries to die from chronic disease compared to developed countries
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150% more likely
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number of people that die from CVD annually
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18 million
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efforts to reduce the burden of chronic disease should aim at...
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main: CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory disease
risk factors: smoking, diabetes, HIV, high cholesterol/blood pressure |
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Type II Diabetes and TB
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Type II diabetes increases risk for infection
-as caloric intake increases, the overalap between TB and diabetes is growing |
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Vaccines
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HPV: cervical cancer
tetanus: neonatal deaths Hib: pneumonia/sepsis |
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emerging infectious diseases
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major one: dengue
-exacerbated by climate change -transmitted by mosquitoes -fever headache, skin rashes |
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agents of disease
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-viruses
-fungi -bacteria -prions -metazoans -protazoans |
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leading causes of death by infectious disease
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-lower respiratory infections
-HIV/AIDS -diarrhea -TB -malaria |
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contributors of emerging infectious disease
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- human demographics and behavior
- technology and industry - ec. development and land use - international trade and commerce - microbial adaptation and change - breakdown of public health measures - climate/weather - changing ecosystems - intent to harm - lack of political will - war and famine - poverty and social inequality |
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EID and poverty
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infection is both a cause and effect of poverty
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epidemiological triangle
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host-->pathogen--> environment-->host
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receding EIDs
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measles, rubella, mumps, polio
-small pox has been eradicated |
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number of deaths worldwide due to infections disease
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15 million of the 57 million deaths worldwide
(leading cause is lower respiratory infections with 3.9 million deaths) |
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top four factors contributing to the emergence of infectious disease
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-poverty and social inequality
-war and famine -lack of political will -intent to harm |
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most salient fact of influenza
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the ability to generate genetic diversity
-strains are characterized by HA and NA (16 HA, 9NAs) -all exist in birds as well |
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contributors to disease diversity
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antigenic drift (accumulation of SNPs)
antigenic drift (genetic reassortment between segments) |
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what drives the evolution and epidemiology of influenza
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human immune response
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