Quiz 2

Front 1

Group Selection

Back 1

Notion largely discredited by the rise of darwinian theory proposing that animals act for the good of their social group or of their species.

Front 2

kin selection

Back 2

Principle that animals behave preferentially toward their genetic kin; formulated by william hamilton.

Front 3

inclusive fitness

Back 3

Reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin.

Front 4

adaptationism

Back 4

A premise that all aspects of an organism have been molded by natural selection to a form optimal for enhancing reproductive success.

Front 5

reductionism

Back 5

Paradigm that an organism is the sum of many evolved parts and that organisms can best be understood through an adaptationist approach.

Front 6

null hypothesis

Back 6

The strarting assumption for scientific inquiry that ones research results occur by random chance. Ones hypothesis must challenge this initial assumption.

Front 7

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Back 7

The theoretical distribution of alleles in a given population in the absence of evolution, expressed as a mathematical equation.

Front 8

parapatric speciation

Back 8

Speciation occurring when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes in that distribution are more favorable than others.

Front 9

gradualism

Back 9

Darwinian view of slow, incremental evolutionary change

Front 10

macroevolution

Back 10

large scale evolutionary change over a long time period or evolution of major phenotypic changes over relatively short time periods.

Front 11

punctuated equilibrium

Back 11

model of evolution characterized by rapid bursts of change, followed by long periods of stasis.

Front 12

reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs)

Back 12

any factor behavioral, ecological, or anatomical that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing

Front 13

anagenesis

Back 13

evolution of trait or a species into another over a period of time

Front 14

cladogenesis

Back 14

evolution through the branching of a species or a lineage.

Front 15

allopatric speciation

Back 15

speciation occuring via geographic isolation.

Front 16

analogous

Back 16

having similar traits due to similar use, not due to shared ancestry.

Front 17

convergent (or parallel) evolution

Back 17

similiar form or function brought about by natural selection under similiar environments rather than shared ancestry

Front 18

cladogram

Back 18

branching diagram showing evolved relatiohips among members of a lineage

Front 19

species

Back 19

an innterbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductivelly isoltaed through anatomy, ecology, behavior, or geographic distribution from all other such groups.

Front 20

speciation

Back 20

formation of one or more new species via reproductive isolation

Front 21

biological species concept

Back 21

defines species as interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such populations

Front 22

systematics

Back 22

branch of biology that describes patterns of organismal variation

Front 23

homology

Back 23

similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry

Front 24

genetic bottleneck

Back 24

temporary dramatic reduction in size of a population or species

Front 25

sexual selection

Back 25

differntial reproductive success within one sex of any species

Front 26

sexual dimorphism

Back 26

difference in size, shape, or color, between the sexes

Front 27

reproductive potential

Back 27

the possible offspring output by one sex

Front 28

reproductive variance

Back 28

measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other

Front 29

gene flow

Back 29

movement of genes between populations

Front 30

inbreeding

Back 30

mating between close relatives

Front 31

genetic drift

Back 31

random changes in gene frequency in a population

Front 32

founder effect

Back 32

a component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations that become isolated from the parent population carry only the gentic variation of the founders

Front 33

directional selection

Back 33

natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population

Front 34

stabilizing selection

Back 34

selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it.

Front 35

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 35

autosomal recessive condition that leads to the accumulation of large quantities of the amino acid phenylalanine, causing mental retardation and other phenotypic abnormalities

Front 36

polygenic traits

Back 36

phenotypic traits that result from the combined action of more than one gene; most complex traits are polygenic

Front 37

pleiotropy

Back 37

the phenomenon of a single gene having multiple phenotypic effects

Front 38

heritability

Back 38

the proportion of toatl phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors.

Front 39

quantitative variation

Back 39

phenotypic variation that is characterized by the distribution of continuous variation (expressed using numerical measure) within a population (for example, in a bell curve)

Front 40

qualitative variation

Back 40

phenotypic variation that can be characterized as belonging to discrete, observable categories.

Front 41

x-linked disorders

Back 41

genetic conditions that result from mutations to genes on the X chromosome. They are almost always expressed in males, who have only one copy of the X chromosome; in females, the second X chromosome containing the normally functioning allele protects them from developing x-linked disorders.

Front 42

insertion mutation

Back 42

a change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the addition of one or more base pairs in the DNA

Front 43

deletion mutation

Back 43

A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA

Front 44

trinucleotide repeat diseases

Back 44

A family of autosomal dominat diseases that is caused by the insertion of multiple copies of a three-base pair sequence (CAG) that codes for the amino acid glutamine. Typically, the more copies inserted into the gene, the more serious the disease.

Front 45

autosomal dominant disease

Back 45

A disease that is caused by a dominant allele: only one copy needs to be inherited from either parent for the disease to develop.

Front 46

point mutation

Back 46

A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base

Front 47

sickle cell disease

Back 47

An autosomal recessive disease caused by a point mutation in an allele that codes for one of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein.

Front 48

autosomal recessive disease

Back 48

A disease caused by a recessive allele; one copy of the allele must be inherited from each parent for the disease to develop.

Front 49

linkage

Back 49

Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing over.

Front 50

mendels law of independent assortment

Back 50

Genes found on differ chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another

Front 51

mendels law of segregation

Back 51

The two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells.

Front 52

particulate inheritance

Back 52

The concept of heredity based on the transmission of genes (alleles) according to Mendelian principles.

Front 53

codominant

Back 53

In a diploid organism, two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual

Front 54

dominant

Back 54

In a diploid organism, an allele that is expressed when present on only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Front 55

recessive

Back 55

In a diploid organism, refers to an allele that must be present in two copies (homozygous) in order to be expressed.

Front 56

ABO blood type system

Back 56

Refers to genetic system for one of the proteins found on the surface of red blood cells. Consists of one gene with three alleles: A,B, and O.

Front 57

Phenotype

Back 57

An observable or measurable feature of an organism Phenotype's can be anatomical,

biochemical, or behavioral.

Front 58

Genotype

Back 58

The genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype, can refer to the entire genetic complement or more narrowly to the alleles present at a specific locus on two homologous chromosomes.

Front 59

Regulatory genes

Back 59

Guide the expression of structural genes, without, coding for a protein themselves.

Front 60

Structural genes

Back 60

Genes that contain the information to make a protein.