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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pharmacology
-pharmako=drugs
-the study of drugs
-their physical and chemical properties
Pharmacotherapeutics
-Their therapeutic uses, the selection and administration of the appropriate drug at the appropriate dosage regimin
Pharmacokinetics
-their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (1st kidney 2nd liver) in the patient
Pharmacodynamics
their effects on the patient
Drug
Any substance that is used for the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease or the modification of a physiological function
drugs are:
-potential poisons
-some are titrated to effect
-Have an LD-50
-may be ok if given by one rout and fatal another
-these are not cure alls and can not replace : nutrition, exercise, rest, or genes
pharmacy
-a place where drugs are prpared, stored, and dispensed
Sourses of drugs
*plants- foxglove = digitalis - heart medication increases strength of contractions.
-belladonna (nightshade) = atropine
*fungi- Penicillin= mold
-Ivermectin =wormer
*Minerals- sulfur ,Iodine(kills bacteria), magnesium sulfate(epsom salts) (associated w/ muscle spasms
*Animals-thyroid extract, Insulin(pancrious), lanolin (sheep makes skin soft)
Lab synthesis:
-Imitate or improve upon natural substances e.g. synthetic penicillin
Naming drugs
-3 names -Chemical compound : Acetylsalicylic acid
-Generic name: aspirin
-Trade or Brand name: Bayer, Anacin, Bufferin
Vermicide/vermifunge
agent that kills worms/ removes by expulsion
-cide= expell dead
-funge= expell live
Development and approval of new drugs
-researching and developmen
-testing- preliminary trials (cell cultures)
-animal safety trials( mice/rat , dog, monkey, ppl)
-clinical trials submin a NADA
-FDA,EPA,or USDA review data and license product
-FDA -CVM(center for veterinary medicine) regulates drugs and feed additives
-EPA regulates topical pesticides
-USDA-animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS)regulate biologicals(vaccines, serums, antitoxins
-Approval- gain a patent for 11-17 yrs
-Continual monitoring
-When patent perion expires a generic equivalent can be made by other companies
*some good as original drug (same active ingrediant)
NADA
-New animal drug application
CVM
Center for Veterinary Medicine
APHIS
-Animal and plant health inspection service
EPA
Regulates topical pesticides
Dosing forms
-Orals
-Topicals
-Injectables
-repository forms
-implants
-Extracts
-Patches
-suppositories
Orals
-Tablet/caplet: compressed powder
-Capsule/gel cap: powder in gelatin capsule
-Enteric coated: protects drug from breaking down in the stomach
-Molded tablet: Drug + sugar or flavoring (heart guard)
-sustained release: Pill that dissolves slowly over hrs/ days
-solutions: syrup: drug + sucrose, Elixer: drug + Sucrose + Alcohol
-Suspensions: Emulsion : drug + oil , Gel: drug + jelly like substance
Enteric coated
ORAL
-Protects drug from breaking down in the stomach acid
Molded tablet:
ORAL
-Drug + sugar or flavoring
Syrup Solution (ORAL)
-Drug + sucrose
Elixer soulution ORAL:
-Drug + Sucrose + alcohol
Emulsion Suspension ORAl:
-Drug + oil
Gel suspensions ORAL:
-Drug + Jelly like substance
Topicals
-Tincture- Drug + alcohol
-Liniment- Drug + Oil (HORSE)
Injectables
-Ampule: Glass container that must be broken (Propofol)
-Vial: has a rubber stopper- may be single or multi- use
Respository forms:
-Slow release forms often given SQ where drug is in a propylene glycol solution -- LA-200 Pink eye.
-(LA)= long acting
Implants:
-solid drug given in one location- slow release: (depo provera, hormone earplants
Extracts:
-Natural form of a drug obtained from an animal- Insulin, Pancreatic enzymes
Patches:
-Drug is in a patch whic is attached to the skin and slowly releases its contents over hours to days- Nicoderm, fetanyl
Suppositories:
-Tablet or capsule given rectally or vaganily
Indications:
-The reasons for using a drug
Contraindications
-The reasons for not using a drug
Effcancy
-how well it works
-the degree to which a drug produces the desired response in a patient . once the effective levelv (dose) is reached, increasing the dose will not improve the effect.
Safety margin or therapeutic Index (TI)
- The ratio of the toxic or lethal dose (LD-50) to the effective dose (ED-50)
- TI = LD-50/ ED-50
-antibiotic x LD = 500 mg/#
-antibiotic x ED = 5 mg/#
-TI = 500mg/ 5mg = 100 mg
* the larger the resulting # the safer the drug
Extralabel drug use:
-Use of a drug in a way not specified on lable . veterinarians may do this if a more suitable of drug is not available. this may include:
-use in different species, purpose, route of administration and different dosage
-important in the use of human drugs in cats (prozac)
-Important in species w/ very few approved drugs- sheep, goats "exotic" pets.
In food animals, special precautions must be taken :
-vet makes diagnosis(dispenses meds)
-vet available for follow up
-must establish withholding times for milk, Meat, eggs (use FARAD)
FARAD
Food animal residue avoidance database
drugs are classified in 2 categories:
-OTC (over the counter drugs) these have minimal potental for abuse
-Prescription: use must be approved by a doctor
Prescription
-use must be approved by a doctor
-carries a label "caution federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licenced veterinarian"
-drug has the potental for toxicity or drug must be administered in a way that requires trained personnell
Controlled substances
-Prescription drugs that have the potential for dependence or abuse by people. Vet must have a DEA # to despense
Responsibilities of an LVT regarding drugs:
-Order them
-inventory
-interpret presctiptions
-recognize incompatibilites
-double check the vet
-dispense
-administer
-know and recognize side effects
-know withdrawal times
-know how to find drug information
Anesthetic:
Drugs which causes loss of sensation +/- amnesia local/systemic
Controlled substances
Drugs w/ variable potential for physical/psycological dependence or abuse
-there are 5 schedules indicated on lable w/ a large C and Roman numeral (I-V)
*States have the right to be more strict that the DEA. In NYS certial C-III and IV drugs are treated/dispensed like C-II drugs
anorexic drugs
-Drug that suppresses appetite
Anthelmintic:
-Antiparasite
-both topical and systemic
Antipyretic
-lowers an abnormally high fever
-NSAID
Antitussive
-inhibits or controls coughing (codeine)
Antibiotic
-against life several classes
*bacteriostatic
*bacteriocidal
Bacteriostatic
-inhibits growth or bacteria
Bacteriocydal
-kills bacteria
*sometimes listed as anti-infective or antimicrobials
anti-inflammatory
Reduces swelling, edema, effects of inflammatory reaction (antiprostaglandin, not anti-immune system
Cathartic
-promotes emptying of the lower GI tract (laxatives)
Caustic
-causes necrosis by precipitation of proteins
-only used topically
-can reach various depths of penetration w/ different agents
-AgNO3 (silver nitrate) sticks surface, phenol deep penetration)
Demulcent
-inert substance used to coat epithelial surfaces, also called protectants
Depressant
-reduces or inhibits a body function
-many act on CNS
emetic
-Induces vomiting (rompun, apomorphine
Expectorant
-increases secretions from upper respiratory tract
Hematinic/Hemopoietic
-drugs used to stimulate formation of rbc's or hemoglobin (bone marrow to make more RBC's)
Hemostatic
-agent used to control serious hemorrhage
Narcotic
-CNS depressant
-older meaning drug with possibility for addiction/drug abuse
Sedative
-CNS depressant produces relaxation/relief from anxiety
C-I
-Drugs w/ extreme potential for abuse
-no known or accepted medical use
-only available to researchers
(heroin, LSD, Marijuana)
C-II
-Drugs with high potential for abuse/dependence
-Morphine, pentobarbital (used in euthanasia drugs), codeine
C-III
-Drugs with moderate potential for abuse/dependence
-Ketamine, telazol, pentothal, tylenol w/ codeine, cough meds w/ codeine
C-IV
-Drugs w/ low abuse potential
-Phenobarbital (seizures) , Valium
C-V
-Drugs w/ very low abuse potential
-subject to state/local regulations
-Lomotil, Robutussin AC
Surveillance of controlled substances:
-vets registers w/ DEA and gets a DEA #
Schedule II drugs C-II
-Must be ordered on a DEA form 222 (triplicate form)
-one copy each to DEA, drug company, Veterinarian
-prescribed w/ single-part prescription form
-Keeps DEA up to date on who is using (addictive) drugs
C-III, IV, V
-No special order form just need to give drug company your DEA #
All controlled drugs must be logged:
-must keep receipts of drugs received in to clinic: date,name/address of supplier, Kind/quanity of drug
-Separate inventory for each substance used: Date of administration/dispensing, name address of owner, kind/# of drug
-DEA can inspect at any time
An actual physical inventory of Controlled substances biennially
- Name/address of vet
-Name/size/quantity of each drug
-date/time of inventory
-must be signed by vet or vet tech
storage of controlled substances
-Locked,substantially built cabinet or safe
-fixed to floor or wall
-hinges not exposed
-Out of the way area
-thefts must be reported to police and DEA
-Inventory kept w/ drugs
Dispensing drugs
-Doctor-owner-patient relationship
-C-II No refills must see patient each time, dispense 1 month at a time supply
-C-III , IV: can refill 5x in 6 months
-drugs easier to let pharmacist dispense controlled
- drugs dispensed on farms by a vet must have a vet's lable even if they are OTC medications
Labeling
-child proof container
-orange color label for controlled
-name/address Phone of vet
-Name/address of owner
-name and species of animal
-date dispensed
-name of drug and directions
-statement: controlled substance: dangerous unless used as directed. federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to patient other than who it is prescribed for
Disposal of controlled substances: (excess, outdated, obsolete)
-get permission for "on-site" disposal (need a witness) -burn?
-reverse distribution
-DEA will allow dumping in coffee grounds or kitty litter sometimes NYS dose not
-+/- return to originel distribution if unopend
-DEA mandates that controlled drug records be kept for 2 yrs
-NYS DOH BNE mediates be kept for 5 yrs