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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define motor speech disorders and list the 2 reasons invovlved
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a collection of communication disorders, resulting from neurologic impairment, involving:
1. the retrieval and activation of motor plans for speech OR 2. the execution of movements for speech production |
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Ideation:
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communicative intent: cognitive
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symbolization: includes... (4)
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-word retrieval, phonological mapping, syntactic framing, stress assignment
linguistic (aphasia) |
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motor planning:
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specify movement parameters
apraxia motor sp. problems |
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neuromuscular execution: includes...(which muscles? (4)
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respiration, phonation, resonance, articutaion
dysarthria motor |
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what are the two types of motor speech disorders?
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1. dysarthria
2. apraxia of speech |
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define dysarthria
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impaired speech production due to disturbances in the muscular control of the speech mechanism
Problem: actual movement of muscles |
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what is the origin of dysarthria
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-neurologic in origin: associated with pathology of CNS or PNS structures invovled in motor activities
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problems found with dysarthria are due to: 3
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- paralysis, weakness, incoordination of the speech muscles
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dysarthria may result in what kind of speech movement?
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speed, sthength, range, timing or accuracy of speech movement
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define apraxia
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inability to plan movement
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define apraxia of speech
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a neurogenic speech disorder resulting from inability to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for speech production
can occur without weakness and without aphasia cannot plan to move problem: doing something on command |
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what are the two major structures of the central nervous system...they control?
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brain- higher centers of control
spinal cord- lower centers; reflex control; provides pathway for CNS to reach PNS |
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what is the largest portion of the CNS
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cerbral hemisphere
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describe the cerebral cortex (2)
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thin layer of gray matter, high concentration of neuronal cell bodies
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describe the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere (2)
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tissue underlying cortex, contains interneuron axons
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what are the four lobes of the brain
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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what does the brainstem control
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respiration, consciousness
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what are the three structures of the brainstem
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midbrain, pons, medulla
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what are the three functions of the brainstem
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- passageway b/t cerebrum and SC
- controls integrative and relfexive action - cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem |
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what is the nickname for the cerebellum
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"little brain"
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what is the important function of the cerebellum
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to coordinate voluntary movement. mucles contract with the correct amount of force at the appropriate times.
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damage to the cerebellum can cause:
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significant deficits in the performance of both gross and skilled motor actions.
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list the three basic types of neurons
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- motor neurons (efferent)
- sensory (afferent) - interneurons |
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function of motor neurons: (2)
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- carry neural instruction from the brain to the muscles or glands
- cause contractions in muscles |
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functions of sensory neurons: (2)
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- conduct nerve impulses from a sensory receptor
- delive sensory information to the brain and spinal cord for processing |
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function of interneurons: (1)
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link neurons with other neurons
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two characteristics of primary cortices (in general):
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- parts of the cerebrum that are dedicated to the analysis of a single type of neural input
- first cortical areas to analyze sensory information |
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list the four primary cortices
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- primary auditory cortex
- primary visual cortex - primary sensory cortex - primary motor cortex |
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primary auditory cortex:
- a.k.a? - function? (2) |
- Heschl's gyrus
- analyzes tone patterns, localizes sounds |
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Primary visual cortex:
- function? |
integrates visual information from both eyes
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Primary sensory cortex:
- a.k.a? - function? |
- postcentral gyrus
- receives first neural input about bodily sensation (pressure, touch, pain, temperature) |
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Primary motor cortex:
- a.k.a? - receives? - from here, impulses sent to? |
- precentral gyrus
- cortical area that receives planned motor impulses from cortical and subcortical areas - impulses are then sent down through the brainstem and spinal cord and then to the muscles. |
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function of association corteces?
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areas of cortex that "make sense" of the sensory impulses that have been initially analyzed by the primary cortex
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list the four association corteces:
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-temporal association cortex
- parietal - frontal - occipital |
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3 functions of parietal association area:
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- integrates bodily sensations with visual information
- plays an important role in the control of visually guided movements (eye hand coordination) - damage may result in difficulty manipulating objects, sensory neglect of half of the body, and certain reading and writing deficits |
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frontal association cortex:
- located in which cortex? - has neural connections with? - receives info about? - plays an important role in? |
- located in prefrontal cortex
- has neural connections with all the lobes of the cerebrum - receives information on emotion and motivation (limbic system) (desire to move) - plays an important role in initiating and planning of volitional movements |
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basal ganglia includes:
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caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
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lenticular nucleus/ lenticular formation is made of
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putamen and globus pallidus
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striatum is made of
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caudate nucleus and putamen
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basal ganglia is especially important in
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planning slow, continuous movement
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damage of the basal ganglia results in
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motor impairment (parkinsons disease) and also in other movment disorders (huntington disease)
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the cerebellum helps to regulate (3)
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muscle tone, maintain balance, and coordinate skilled motor movements
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cerebellum:
- receives neural impulses of... - receives sensory inpput from... - integrates.. - adjusts and refines... |
- receives neural impulses of intended motor movements from teh association cortex
- also receives sensory input from teh sensory receptors ( visual, tactile, auditory, proprioceptive) - integrates the motor and sensory information - adujusts and refines the motor impulses according to the body's immediate circumstances- sends these procesed motor signals to the primary motor cortex via thalamus |
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the role of the cerebellum is to maintain
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equilibrium
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the cerebellum coordinates muscle action in both...
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stereotyped movement (gait) and non-stereotyped movement (reaching for something)
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the cerebellum makes sure muscle contracts how?
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at the right time with the right synchrony with others
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the cerebellum corrects for? compensates for errors when?
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overshooting and undershooting; compensates for errors before they occur
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for speech, the cerebellum
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allows smooth flow of movement from one articulatory position to the next
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what are the 6 cerebellum lesion effects?
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1. broad-based, discoordinated gait
2. hypotonia (low muscle tone) 3. decomposition of movement into component parts 4. errors in rate and range of movement (ataxia) 5. dysmetria: patients overshoot or undershoot what they're reaching for 6. intention tremor: tremor that occurs when the patient tries to do something (possibly compesatory for dysmetria) |
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the thalamus acts as
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a relay center for subcortical and cortical structures for sensory and motor information
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the thalamus receives
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neural inputs of planned motor movements from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum
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what converges at the thalamus
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sensory information converges at the?
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the thalamus uses this information to
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further refine the motor impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum
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the resulting info then distributes to
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other parts of the CNS
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what are the 2 functions of the limbic system
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1. generates emotional and drive-related responses (eat, drink, argue, self- defense etc)
2. may provide a motivational or intentional aspect to communication. |
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lesion of hte limbic system results in
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mutism- no desire to talk
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the primary motor cortex receives?
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the neural motor impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated
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the neural motor impulses are processed, smoothed and coordinated by the (3)
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1. basla ganglia
2. cerebellum 3. thalamus |
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describe the neurons in the primary motor cortex
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have the longest axons in the body
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the neurons in the primary motor cortex extend to
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lower portions of the spinal cord
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the neurons in the primary motor cortex make up
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much of the descending motor tract- the pyramidal system
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the role of hte primary motor cortex is to:
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take voluntary movement patterns that are formulated elsewhere
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the role of the primary motor cortex is to transmit:
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the voluntary movement patterns to the cranial or spinal nerves via the pyramidal system (a tract of motor neurons)
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the primary motor cortex integrates
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information from other cortical areas into planned movement
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the premotor area and supplementary motor area provide
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additional input to the primary motor cortex just before a mvoement is initiated
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neural impulses from the PMA (premotor area) and SMA (supllementary motor area) are thought to exert
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further control over the final motor signals sent out by the primary motor cortex
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impulses from the PMA are thought to be important in?
if damaged then: |
visually-guided movements (putting a key in a lock in the dark)
if damaged then and movement becomes clumsy |
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the SMA is most important in
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planning and learning complex, internally generated movements. (thinking about an activity)
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the descneding motor tracts are made of
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neural pathways that travel from teh cortex to the brainstem and SC
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what are the two systems found in the descending motor tracts?
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1. pyramidal system
2. extrapyramidal system |
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the pyramidal system caries
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the impulses that control voluntary, fine motor movement at a conscious level
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the extrapyramidal system helps:
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the pyramidal system to do its job
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the extrapyramida system transmits
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impulses that control the postural support (of arms, shoulders, back) needed by those fine motro movements at an unconscious and automatic level in its functions
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in the pyramidal system, nerve fibers generally take a direct path from the....to the....or the....where they....
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nerve fibers generally take a direct path from the primary motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord where tehy will synapse with cranial or spinal nerves
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the pyramidal system is soemtimes called the
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direct activation system
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fibers of the pyramidal system are divided into (2)
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corticobulbar tract and corticospinal tract
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describe the tract axons take int he corticospinal tract
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descend from the cortex through the internal capsule, the brainstem, and into the spinal cord
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in the cortiospinal tract, axons terminate in the
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spinal cord
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in the corticospinal tract, many of the axons synapse with
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spinal nerves
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axons of the cortical neuron (UMN) pass down tot he level of the
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medulla
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most corticospinal fibers cross the
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midline in the medullary pyramids (pyramidal decussation) then continue down the opposite side into the spinal cord
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axons then
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synapse with the 2nd neuron (LMN), which runs to the muscles
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