Quiz 1 Info For Motor Speech

Front 1

define motor speech disorders and list the 2 reasons invovlved

Back 1

a collection of communication disorders, resulting from neurologic impairment, involving:
1. the retrieval and activation of motor plans for speech

OR

2. the execution of movements for speech production

Front 2

Ideation:

Back 2

communicative intent: cognitive

Front 3

symbolization: includes... (4)

Back 3

-word retrieval, phonological mapping, syntactic framing, stress assignment

linguistic (aphasia)

Front 4

motor planning:

Back 4

specify movement parameters

apraxia

motor sp. problems

Front 5

neuromuscular execution: includes...(which muscles? (4)

Back 5

respiration, phonation, resonance, articutaion

dysarthria

motor

Front 6

what are the two types of motor speech disorders?

Back 6

1. dysarthria
2. apraxia of speech

Front 7

define dysarthria

Back 7

impaired speech production due to disturbances in the muscular control of the speech mechanism

Problem: actual movement of muscles

Front 8

what is the origin of dysarthria

Back 8

-neurologic in origin: associated with pathology of CNS or PNS structures invovled in motor activities

Front 9

problems found with dysarthria are due to: 3

Back 9

- paralysis, weakness, incoordination of the speech muscles

Front 10

dysarthria may result in what kind of speech movement?

Back 10

speed, sthength, range, timing or accuracy of speech movement

Front 11

define apraxia

Back 11

inability to plan movement

Front 12

define apraxia of speech

Back 12

a neurogenic speech disorder resulting from inability to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for speech production

can occur without weakness and without aphasia

cannot plan to move

problem: doing something on command

Front 13

what are the two major structures of the central nervous system...they control?

Back 13

brain- higher centers of control
spinal cord- lower centers; reflex control; provides pathway for CNS to reach PNS

Front 14

what is the largest portion of the CNS

Back 14

cerbral hemisphere

Front 15

describe the cerebral cortex (2)

Back 15

thin layer of gray matter, high concentration of neuronal cell bodies

Front 16

describe the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere (2)

Back 16

tissue underlying cortex, contains interneuron axons

Front 17

what are the four lobes of the brain

Back 17

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Front 18

what does the brainstem control

Back 18

respiration, consciousness

Front 19

what are the three structures of the brainstem

Back 19

midbrain, pons, medulla

Front 20

what are the three functions of the brainstem

Back 20

- passageway b/t cerebrum and SC
- controls integrative and relfexive action
- cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

Front 21

what is the nickname for the cerebellum

Back 21

"little brain"

Front 22

what is the important function of the cerebellum

Back 22

to coordinate voluntary movement. mucles contract with the correct amount of force at the appropriate times.

Front 23

damage to the cerebellum can cause:

Back 23

significant deficits in the performance of both gross and skilled motor actions.

Front 24

list the three basic types of neurons

Back 24

- motor neurons (efferent)
- sensory (afferent)
- interneurons

Front 25

function of motor neurons: (2)

Back 25

- carry neural instruction from the brain to the muscles or glands
- cause contractions in muscles

Front 26

functions of sensory neurons: (2)

Back 26

- conduct nerve impulses from a sensory receptor
- delive sensory information to the brain and spinal cord for processing

Front 27

function of interneurons: (1)

Back 27

link neurons with other neurons

Front 28

two characteristics of primary cortices (in general):

Back 28

- parts of the cerebrum that are dedicated to the analysis of a single type of neural input
- first cortical areas to analyze sensory information

Front 29

list the four primary cortices

Back 29

- primary auditory cortex
- primary visual cortex
- primary sensory cortex
- primary motor cortex

Front 30

primary auditory cortex:
- a.k.a?
- function? (2)

Back 30

- Heschl's gyrus
- analyzes tone patterns, localizes sounds

Front 31

Primary visual cortex:
- function?

Back 31

integrates visual information from both eyes

Front 32

Primary sensory cortex:
- a.k.a?
- function?

Back 32

- postcentral gyrus
- receives first neural input about bodily sensation (pressure, touch, pain, temperature)

Front 33

Primary motor cortex:
- a.k.a?
- receives?
- from here, impulses sent to?

Back 33

- precentral gyrus
- cortical area that receives planned motor impulses from cortical and subcortical areas
- impulses are then sent down through the brainstem and spinal cord and then to the muscles.

Front 34

function of association corteces?

Back 34

areas of cortex that "make sense" of the sensory impulses that have been initially analyzed by the primary cortex

Front 35

list the four association corteces:

Back 35

-temporal association cortex
- parietal
- frontal
- occipital

Front 36

3 functions of parietal association area:

Back 36

- integrates bodily sensations with visual information
- plays an important role in the control of visually guided movements (eye hand coordination)
- damage may result in difficulty manipulating objects, sensory neglect of half of the body, and certain reading and writing deficits

Front 37

frontal association cortex:
- located in which cortex?
- has neural connections with?
- receives info about?
- plays an important role in?

Back 37

- located in prefrontal cortex
- has neural connections with all the lobes of the cerebrum
- receives information on emotion and motivation (limbic system) (desire to move)
- plays an important role in initiating and planning of volitional movements

Front 38

basal ganglia includes:

Back 38

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Front 39

lenticular nucleus/ lenticular formation is made of

Back 39

putamen and globus pallidus

Front 40

striatum is made of

Back 40

caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 41

basal ganglia is especially important in

Back 41

planning slow, continuous movement

Front 42

damage of the basal ganglia results in

Back 42

motor impairment (parkinsons disease) and also in other movment disorders (huntington disease)

Front 43

the cerebellum helps to regulate (3)

Back 43

muscle tone, maintain balance, and coordinate skilled motor movements

Front 44

cerebellum:
- receives neural impulses of...
- receives sensory inpput from...
- integrates..
- adjusts and refines...

Back 44

- receives neural impulses of intended motor movements from teh association cortex
- also receives sensory input from teh sensory receptors ( visual, tactile, auditory, proprioceptive)
- integrates the motor and sensory information
- adujusts and refines the motor impulses according to the body's immediate circumstances- sends these procesed motor signals to the primary motor cortex via thalamus

Front 45

the role of the cerebellum is to maintain

Back 45

equilibrium

Front 46

the cerebellum coordinates muscle action in both...

Back 46

stereotyped movement (gait) and non-stereotyped movement (reaching for something)

Front 47

the cerebellum makes sure muscle contracts how?

Back 47

at the right time with the right synchrony with others

Front 48

the cerebellum corrects for? compensates for errors when?

Back 48

overshooting and undershooting; compensates for errors before they occur

Front 49

for speech, the cerebellum

Back 49

allows smooth flow of movement from one articulatory position to the next

Front 50

what are the 6 cerebellum lesion effects?

Back 50

1. broad-based, discoordinated gait
2. hypotonia (low muscle tone)
3. decomposition of movement into component parts
4. errors in rate and range of movement (ataxia)
5. dysmetria: patients overshoot or undershoot what they're reaching for
6. intention tremor: tremor that occurs when the patient tries to do something (possibly compesatory for dysmetria)

Front 51

the thalamus acts as

Back 51

a relay center for subcortical and cortical structures for sensory and motor information

Front 52

the thalamus receives

Back 52

neural inputs of planned motor movements from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum

Front 53

what converges at the thalamus

Back 53

sensory information converges at the?

Front 54

the thalamus uses this information to

Back 54

further refine the motor impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum

Front 55

the resulting info then distributes to

Back 55

other parts of the CNS

Front 56

what are the 2 functions of the limbic system

Back 56

1. generates emotional and drive-related responses (eat, drink, argue, self- defense etc)
2. may provide a motivational or intentional aspect to communication.

Front 57

lesion of hte limbic system results in

Back 57

mutism- no desire to talk

Front 58

the primary motor cortex receives?

Back 58

the neural motor impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated

Front 59

the neural motor impulses are processed, smoothed and coordinated by the (3)

Back 59

1. basla ganglia
2. cerebellum
3. thalamus

Front 60

describe the neurons in the primary motor cortex

Back 60

have the longest axons in the body

Front 61

the neurons in the primary motor cortex extend to

Back 61

lower portions of the spinal cord

Front 62

the neurons in the primary motor cortex make up

Back 62

much of the descending motor tract- the pyramidal system

Front 63

the role of hte primary motor cortex is to:

Back 63

take voluntary movement patterns that are formulated elsewhere

Front 64

the role of the primary motor cortex is to transmit:

Back 64

the voluntary movement patterns to the cranial or spinal nerves via the pyramidal system (a tract of motor neurons)

Front 65

the primary motor cortex integrates

Back 65

information from other cortical areas into planned movement

Front 66

the premotor area and supplementary motor area provide

Back 66

additional input to the primary motor cortex just before a mvoement is initiated

Front 67

neural impulses from the PMA (premotor area) and SMA (supllementary motor area) are thought to exert

Back 67

further control over the final motor signals sent out by the primary motor cortex

Front 68

impulses from the PMA are thought to be important in?

if damaged then:

Back 68

visually-guided movements (putting a key in a lock in the dark)

if damaged then and movement becomes clumsy

Front 69

the SMA is most important in

Back 69

planning and learning complex, internally generated movements. (thinking about an activity)

Front 70

the descneding motor tracts are made of

Back 70

neural pathways that travel from teh cortex to the brainstem and SC

Front 71

what are the two systems found in the descending motor tracts?

Back 71

1. pyramidal system
2. extrapyramidal system

Front 72

the pyramidal system caries

Back 72

the impulses that control voluntary, fine motor movement at a conscious level

Front 73

the extrapyramidal system helps:

Back 73

the pyramidal system to do its job

Front 74

the extrapyramida system transmits

Back 74

impulses that control the postural support (of arms, shoulders, back) needed by those fine motro movements at an unconscious and automatic level in its functions

Front 75

in the pyramidal system, nerve fibers generally take a direct path from the....to the....or the....where they....

Back 75

nerve fibers generally take a direct path from the primary motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord where tehy will synapse with cranial or spinal nerves

Front 76

the pyramidal system is soemtimes called the

Back 76

direct activation system

Front 77

fibers of the pyramidal system are divided into (2)

Back 77

corticobulbar tract and corticospinal tract

Front 78

describe the tract axons take int he corticospinal tract

Back 78

descend from the cortex through the internal capsule, the brainstem, and into the spinal cord

Front 79

in the cortiospinal tract, axons terminate in the

Back 79

spinal cord

Front 80

in the corticospinal tract, many of the axons synapse with

Back 80

spinal nerves

Front 81

axons of the cortical neuron (UMN) pass down tot he level of the

Back 81

medulla

Front 82

most corticospinal fibers cross the

Back 82

midline in the medullary pyramids (pyramidal decussation) then continue down the opposite side into the spinal cord

Front 83

axons then

Back 83

synapse with the 2nd neuron (LMN), which runs to the muscles