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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epidemic |
Widespread occurrence of more than the usual number of cases of a particular disease. |
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Recurrent |
A latent viral infection that reactivates at a later date. |
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Carrier |
Someone who harbors a specific infectious agent but shows no clinical signs of disease. |
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Endemic |
Constant presence of a disease within a geographic area. -HERPES |
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Immunity |
A natural or an acquired resistance against disease. |
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Pandemic |
A widespread, extensive, worldwide epidemic. -HIV |
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Permucosal |
A path of entry through a mucous membrane. |
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Latent |
The type of infection in which the causative agent remains inactive for a period of time within certain body cells. |
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Standard Precautions |
An infection control approach that protects both healthcare providers and patients from pathogens. Treat all blood and bodily fluids as possible infectious agents. |
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Vector |
A carrier that transfers an infectious microorganism from one host to another. |
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Antibody |
Produced and secreted by body cells in response to, and able to bind to, a specific antigen. (protect us from infections & illness) |
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Another term used for jaundice |
Icterus
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Opportunistic Pathogen |
A pathogen that causes infection only when the host's resistance is lowered. |
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Fomite |
An inanimate object on which disease-producing agents can be conveyed. |
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Carrier |
An individual who harbors a specific infectious agent with no discernible clinical signs or symptoms. |
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Virus |
A genetic entity that contains either DNA or RNA or both; replicates inside living cells. |
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Antigen |
A substance that induces an immune response. (trigger a response in the body) |
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Prodromal |
Early or premonitory symptom. |
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Elisa |
A laboratory test to detect antibody in the blood serum. |
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Serum Marker |
The factor that identifies a specific disease in a laboratory blood test. |
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Surveillance |
Continuous observation of the patterns of a disease in order to try to control it. |
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Incubation |
The period of time between initial contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of clinical symptoms of the disease. |
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Shedding |
The presence of a virus in certain body secretions, excretions, or surface lesions. |
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Passive Immunity |
The type of immunity that is transferred from the mother or acquired by inoculation of protective antibodies. (usually mom to baby) |
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MRSA |
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus |
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Who are we accredited by? |
ADA CODA (Commission on Dental Accreditation) |
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What year was the first year of DH? |
1913 |
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Dental Hygiene |
Study of preventive oral healthcare including the management of behaviors to prevent oral disease and to promote health. |
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Dental Hygienist |
Licensed, preventive oral health professionals who have graduated from accredited DH programs in institutions of higher education. |
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Dental Hygiene Process |
Systematic approach to DH care including key behaviors of: -Assessment -Diagnosis -Planning -Implementation -Evaluation |
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In what YEAR and WHO emphasized the importance of tooth brushing, flossing and the use of a dentrifice to preserve the teeth and protect the gingiva from oral disease |
1819--- Parmly
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Who is the "“Father of Dental Hygiene” and "coined" the term dental hygienist? |
Dr. Alfred C. Fones |
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Hygienist means... |
"One who is versed in the science of health and prevention of disease" |
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5 Professional roles of the DH |
-Clinician -Educator -Researcher -Administrator or Manager -Advocate |
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ADHA |
American Dental Hygienist Association -Promotes highest standard of dental hygiene -Tri-level structure; local (component), state (constituent) and national levels -Code of Ethics |
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PICO |
(P), the intervention (I), a comparison (C), and outcomes (O) |
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Chain of Disease |
1. Susceptible Host 2. Infectious Agent 3. Reservoirs 4. Port of exit (How it gets out of body) 5. Transmission (direct, indirect, airborne) 6. Port of entry on the host |
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Standard of Care |
Protects DHCP and patients from pathogens and bodily fluids - level of care that promotes "excellence" |
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Droplets |
Sneezing, Coughing (TB, chicken pox, Flu) |
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Contact Precautions |
Skin or direct contact |
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Airborne |
Air quality and circulation (needs ventilation) -TB droplets in air & Legionnaire's disease |
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Susceptible Host |
One not immune |
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Pathogen |
(Sufficient virulence) Virus, microorganism or substance that causes diseases. |
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Source |
Allows pathogen to survive and multiply |
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Mode |
Transmission from source to host |
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Entry |
Portal that the pathogen can enter host |
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What does the break in the chain of disease do? |
Spreads infection |
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What do the standard precautions do to the chain of disease? |
Interrupt chain |
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Pathogens that are transmissible to oral cavity |
-TB -Viral Hep (A,B,C,D,E) -Aids (blood & saliva) -Herpetic Infections (viral) |
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How does TB transmit? |
Droplets (coughing)
|
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Do you treat a patient with TB? |
NO |
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What immunization prevents TB? |
Mantoux shot |
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What is Viral Hepatitis? |
Inflammation of the liver
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What causes Viral Hepatitis? |
-Viral and Bacterial infections -Heavy alcohol use -Toxins -Certain medications |
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HBV prevention has how many parts of a series? |
3 |
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A & E (HEP) |
oral-fecal route |
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B,C,D (HEP) |
Blood-Bourne route |
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F, G (Hep) |
New transfusion transmitted |
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Hep A |
"Infectious Hep" - Can get from contaminated food, water, shellfish PREVENT: Wash hands, get vaccinated, don't drink contaminated water or eat undercooked shellfish |
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Hep B
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Can get from blood and other body fluids, and perinatal transmission. PREVENT: Hep B shot |
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Hep C |
Transmitted through NEEDLES and blood, can be passed from mom to baby. PREVENT: NO VACCINE-- FOREVER CARRIER |
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Hep D |
"Delta" -Co-infection with HBV -Percutaneous exposure--- Injecting drug use -Permucosal PREVENT - HBV VAC |
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Hep E |
"Enterically" -Transmitted through consumption of infected animals -contaminated drinking water -Incubation period is 15-60 days -Communicable period: unknown NO VACCINE |
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Active Immunity |
Either from an infection or inoculation |
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Infection |
A state caused by the invasion development, multiplication of an infectious agent to the body. |
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Virulence |
A degree of pathogenicity |
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What percent of the population has herpes? |
95% |
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Is there a vaccine for herpes? |
NO |
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How many major types of herpes are there? |
8 |
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How many types of HPV are there? |
Over 100 |
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How many of the HPV types are genital? |
40 |
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Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) #1 |
Transmitted through saliva and direct and indirect contact. Causes: Acute Herpetic Gingivotomatitis Herpes labials Ocular Herpes Herpetic whitlow |
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Herpes Simplex 2 (HSV-2) #2 |
Transmitted through sexual contact Causes: Genital Herpes |
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Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV) #3 |
Transmitted through chicken pox, indirect and direct contact, airborne droplets. Shingles: reactivation of HHV-3 Causes: Chicken pox and shingles |
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Epstein Barr Virus #4 |
Transmitted through direct contact and saliva Causes: MOST COMMON* Infectious, mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia, parotid gland |
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Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) #5 |
Transmitted through Perinatal, direct contact, blood transfusion, organ transplant, saliva Causes: Asymptomatic, immunosuppressed |
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Herpes Lymphotrophic Virus (HLV) #6 |
Transmitted through saliva and respiratory droplets. 90% by age 5 Human Papilloma virus Causes: Roseola infant |
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Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7) #7 |
Usually followed by bone marrow transplant or organ transplant Causes: No symptoms or Roseola infantum |
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Kaposi's Sarcoma (KSRV or KS) #8 |
Transmitted by saliva or genital secretions -Aids defying lesion -20-70% male on male partners -purple lesion |
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Herpes Virus affects the.... |
Trigeminal ganglion |
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HIV |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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Aids |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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PWA |
Person with Aids |
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HIV |
Loss of cellular immunity - Two major types (HIV-1 and HIV-2) |
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HIV 1 |
More prevalent in USA and EUROPE |
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HIV 2 |
Isolated in West Africa |
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Modes of Transmission for HIV |
-Exposure to blood -blood products -sexual contact |
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T/F: One lathering for 3 min is LESS effective than 2-3 short latherings |
TRUE |
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What is best used for drying? |
Paper Towels |
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Are gloves sterile? |
No
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Gloves are made out of |
Vinyl or Nitrile |
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CDCP |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -Not regulatory and does not enforce -Promotes health and controlling of diseases |
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3 Sterilization Methods |
1. Dry Heat 2. Steam under pressure 3. Chemical Vapor |
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Steam under pressure |
Autoclaves 1. Statim 5000 (small one) -ultra fast 9min unwrapped cycle -17.5 min wrapped cycle 2. Midmark (big one) |
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Is Latex allergy documented? |
Yes |
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Patients at HIGH RISK for latex allergy |
-HCW who have repeated exposure to latex - Multiple medical surgeries where latex gloves were worn, or rubber tubing was usedExamples: Genitourinary abnormalities and Spina Bifida patients (drains used on pts)Food Allergies: bananas, peanuts, kiwi, papaya chestnuts, avocado |
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Steps for cleaning instruments in sterilization room |
1. Ultrasonic (cleans debris off of instruments) 2. Goes to sink & rinse 3. Dry 4. Proceed to packaging 5.Put away |
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What to do with wet trays? |
Stack to air dry |
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Thermal disinfector |
Is a dishwasher to sanitize instruments before sterilization |
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Tests for Sterilization |
Internal Chemical indicators- strips External Chemical indicators- gray line on bags Biologic Monitor - tests machine |
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2 different types of autoclaves (Steam under pressure) |
1. Gravity Displacement (steam enters) 2. High speed pre-vacuum |
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Dry Heat |
-For items that can't steam under pressure. -120 min at 325 degrees -long time to process, slow and uneven |
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Chemical Vapor Sterilizer |
-Chemiclave or Harvey -For items that cannot use high heat/steam -Formaldehyde and alcohol -270 degrees and 20-40 PSI -Needs good ventilation -NONE AT SCTCC |
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How far away should you be working from a patients oral cavity? |
15-22 inch |
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Who do you adjust first, you or the patient? |
The patient |
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Neutral Neck Position |
0-15 degrees head tilt |
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Neutral Back Position |
Lean slightly forward from waist and hips |
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Shoulder position |
Should be even -- parallel to hips and floor |
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Upper Arm position |
Elbows at waist level held slightly away from body |
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What to avoid with leg positioning.. |
Placing legs under the back of the patients chair. It IS OK to put legs under the HEADREST of the patients chair |
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Where the light should be for Maxillary |
Dental light should be above patients chest and shine in at an angle |
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Where should the light be for Mandibular |
Directly shining light on patients mouth as high above patient as possible-- but within reach |
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Where should forearm be positioned? |
Parallel to floor (60- 100 degrees) |
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Musculoskeletal injury is caused from these 4 things. |
Force Repetition Position No rest |
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Hand position |
Little finger-side of palm slightly lower than thumb side of palm HAND should NOT be parallel. |
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Carpel Tunnel Syndrome |
Wrist and hand disorder from compression of median nerve in wrist |
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Bursitis |
DECREASED range of motion Neck and shoulders become achy inflammation |
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Tendinitis |
Inflammation of the tendons in the wrist from repitition |
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Herniated disc |
Long period of sitting or not moving Disc displacement causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves. |
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Infection control has to be... |
Systemic |
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Can the dental chair and operating room be sterile? |
NO |
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Dental hygiene intervention |
An action taken by a dental hygienist to maintain or restore a patients optimal oral health |
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2 professional organizations that have developed codes of ethics for practice of dental hygiene |
The Codes of the American Dental Hygienists Association and National Dental Hygienists Association |
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Autonomy and respect |
To make good decisions on your own |
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Confidentiality |
To protect patients privacy |
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Societal trust |
Building a bond of trust in all relationships |
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Nonmaleficence |
Prevent all harm to others |
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Beneficence |
The act of doing good |
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Justice and Fairness |
Treat everyone equally |
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Veracity |
To be truthful to the patient about treatments |
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In what way is tuberculosis infection most commonly transmitted? |
inhalation of droplet nuclei |
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A count of which serologic marker is most often used to evaluate and monitor progression of HIV infection |
T-helper cells (CD4+) |
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At what level does the CD4+ T cell count indicate late stage disease or AIDS infection? |
Cell count falls below 200 |
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Which type of virus can be found in peridontitis pockets with relatively high prevalence? |
HHV- 5 |
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How is a contaminated mask removed from your face? |
Grasp side elastic or the strings to remove. |
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List 3 steps you can use to disinfect and provide care for eyewear worn during patient care |
1. Run eyewear under water 2. Clean with detergent and rinse thoroughly 3. Air dry |
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List glove safety factors that are important for both the patient and the dental hygienist during dental hygiene care |
- Effective Barriers -Impermeable to patients saliva, blood, and bacteria -Strength and durability -Impervious to materials routinely using during clinical procedures |
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Allergen |
A substance that causes an allergic reaction |
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Hypoallergenic |
Most likely will not cause an allergic reaction |
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Atopy |
High sensitivity to allergies causing hay fever, eczema, and asthma |
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction |
Patient has an immediate reaction |
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Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction |
Patient has delayed reaction that typically appears 8 hours to 5 days after |
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Standard Mask Filtration
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Blocks particles with greater than 95% efficiency |
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Surgical Soap |
Contains antimicrobial agent |
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Antiseptic Hand wash |
Used before patient care |
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Hand washing |
Most important in preventing cross contamination |
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Wide-coverage eyewear |
Used by both clinician and patient |
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Resident Bacteria |
Relatively stable on skin; reduced by washing |
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Transient bacteria |
Contaminates skin if contacted; reduced by washing |
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Skin integrity |
Can be protected by covering abrasions with a liquid bandage |
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Gloves |
Available in non sterile and pre sterilized forms |
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Eyewash station |
Never at the sink used for patient care handwashing |
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Which method of sterilization processes instruments at the highest temperature |
Dry Heat Oven |
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How frequent is biological monitoring of sterilization procedures recommended in the dental office setting? |
Once per week |
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Which type of autoclave sterilizes instruments faster? |
Pre-vacuum |
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What microorganism is used as a biologic monitor for a steam autoclave system? |
Geobacillus stearthermophilus |
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3 levels of chemical disinfectants |
1. High-level: Inactivates spores and all forms of bacteria, fungi, and viruses 2. Intermediate: Inactivate all forms of microorganisms but not spores 3. Low-level: Inactivate vegetative bacteria and certain lipid-type viruses but do not destroy spores |
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Infectious Waste |
Capable of causing an infectious disease |
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Contaminated Waste |
Items that have contacted blood or other body secretions |
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Hazardous Waste |
Poses a risk to humans or the environment |
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Toxic Waste |
Capable of having a poisonous effect |
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Regulated Waste |
Liquid blood or saliva, sharps contaminated with blood or saliva, and non share solid waste saturated with liquid or blood or saliva, including teeth. |
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Steps of Disinfecting environment |
1. Put on PPE, including heavy duty gloves 2. Scrub surfaces with gauze sponges or paper towels 3. Spray all surfaces liberally and completely 4. Spray surfaces and allow to air dry |
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CDC Says waterlines should be flushing for ________ at the beginning on the day and for ______ between patients |
2 minutes, 30 seconds |
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2 factors when welcoming a patient |
1. Greeted by name 2. Escort patient to dental chair |
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Ergonomics |
Designing work places to fit the people that use them. Purpose to reduce risk of injury. |
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Body mechanics |
How to properly use our body movements |
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Cumulative trauma |
Damage and pain caused from repetitive actions |
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ADHA |
American Dental Hygienists Association |
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CDHA |
Canadian Dental Hygienists Association |
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IFDH |
International Federation of Dental Hygienists |
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NDHA |
National Dental Hygienists Association |
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Anergy |
Diminished reactivity to specific antigen; inability to react to skin-test antigen (even if person is infected with the organism tests) because of immunosuppression |
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CDCP |
United States Centers of Disease Control and Prevention |
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CFU |
Colony Forming Unit |
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HCP |
Health Care Personnel |
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DHCP |
Dental Health Care Personnel |
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Herpes Gladiatorum |
Infection transmitted by skin contact among wrestlers and other athletes |
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Herpes Barbae |
Herpes simplex spread over the bearded part of the face due to minor injuries of daily shaving or contamination from a razor |
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Percutaneous |
By way of, or through, the skin |
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Transmission (Horizontal) |
Passage of an infectious agent from one individual to another
|
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Serologic diagnosis |
The identification of a disease by serum markers of that specific condition |
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Seroconversation |
After exposure to the etiologic agent of a disease, the blood changes from negative to positive for the serum marker for that disease; the time interval for conversion is specific for each disease |
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Transmission (Vertical) |
Passage of an infectious agent from one generation to another by breast milk or across the placenta |
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Vehicle |
A substance or object that serves as an intermediate means by which and infectious agent is transported and introduced into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry |
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Virion |
Complete virus particle made up of the nuclei (the genetic material) and capsid (the shell of protein that protects the nucleoid) |
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AZT (ZDV) |
Zidovudine, retrovir, drug used for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS -first antiviral drug approved by the USFDA |
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HAART |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy containing several antiretroviral medications; the combination has been more effective than mono therapy in the treatment of HIV |
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IDU |
Injection-drug user |
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LAV |
Lymphadenopathy-associated virus; one of the former names for HIV |
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MMWR |
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |
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OHL |
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia |
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PCP |
Pneumocystis pneumonia |
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PGL |
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy |
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CDC |
Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention |
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PPD |
Purified protein derivative for TB |
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ADA |
American Dental Association |
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Antiseptic |
A substance that prevents or arrests the growth or action of microorganisms with by inhibiting their activity or by destroying them; term used especially for preparations applied topically to living tissue
|
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Asepsis |
Free from contamination with microorganisms includes sterile conditions in tissues and on materials, as obtained by exclusion, removing, or killing organisms |
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Aseptic Technique |
Procedures carried out in the absence of pathogenic microorganisms |
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Bioburden |
A microbiologic load, this is, the number of contaminating organisms present on a surface before sterilization or disinfection |
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EPA |
United States Environmental Protection Agency Protects human health and environment such as cleaners. |
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FDA |
United States Food and Drug Administration |
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OSAP |
Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures Research Foundation |
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PEP |
Postexposure prophylaxis |
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Kyphosis |
Naturally occurring curve in the thoracic region of spine that, when viewed from side, is curved toward the back of the body |
|
Lordosis |
Naturally occurring curves in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine that, when viewed from the side, are curved toward the front of the body. |
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Incubation period for HIV-1
|
6 weeks to 6 months
|
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Acute Seroconversion syndrome (HIV-1)
|
2-3 weeks of flu-like symptoms
|
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Early Symptomatic HIV disease
|
Systemic symptoms like night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea, fever, general weakness
|
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Late Stage disease: AIDS
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Pneumonia
|
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Symptoms: Aids-indicating conditions
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More opportunistic infections, body systems shut down, wasting syndrome, weight loss
|
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Which herpes has latent infection in trigeminal nerve ganglion that can reactive later? |
Hsv-1 |
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What size particle can pentrate to the alveoli of lungs when inhaled? |
3-5 um |
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What size are the turberculosis-causing bacterium particles? |
0.5-1 um |
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What microorgansim is used for biologic monitor for steam autoclave? |
Geobacillus stearothermophilus |