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216 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Epidemic

Widespread occurrence of more than the usual number of cases of a particular disease.



Recurrent

A latent viral infection that reactivates at a later date.

Carrier

Someone who harbors a specific infectious agent but shows no clinical signs of disease.

Endemic

Constant presence of a disease within a geographic area.




-HERPES

Immunity

A natural or an acquired resistance against disease.

Pandemic

A widespread, extensive, worldwide epidemic.




-HIV

Permucosal

A path of entry through a mucous membrane.

Latent

The type of infection in which the causative agent remains inactive for a period of time within certain body cells.

Standard Precautions

An infection control approach that protects both healthcare providers and patients from pathogens.


Treat all blood and bodily fluids as possible infectious agents.

Vector

A carrier that transfers an infectious microorganism from one host to another.

Antibody

Produced and secreted by body cells in response to, and able to bind to, a specific antigen.




(protect us from infections & illness)

Another term used for jaundice

Icterus


Opportunistic Pathogen

A pathogen that causes infection only when the host's resistance is lowered.

Fomite

An inanimate object on which disease-producing agents can be conveyed.

Carrier

An individual who harbors a specific infectious agent with no discernible clinical signs or symptoms.

Virus

A genetic entity that contains either DNA or RNA or both; replicates inside living cells.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response.




(trigger a response in the body)

Prodromal

Early or premonitory symptom.

Elisa

A laboratory test to detect antibody in the blood serum.

Serum Marker

The factor that identifies a specific disease in a laboratory blood test.

Surveillance

Continuous observation of the patterns of a disease in order to try to control it.

Incubation

The period of time between initial contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of clinical symptoms of the disease.

Shedding

The presence of a virus in certain body secretions, excretions, or surface lesions.

Passive Immunity

The type of immunity that is transferred from the mother or acquired by inoculation of protective antibodies.


(usually mom to baby)

MRSA

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Who are we accredited by?

ADA CODA (Commission on Dental Accreditation)

What year was the first year of DH?

1913

Dental Hygiene

Study of preventive oral healthcare including the management of behaviors to prevent oral disease and to promote health.

Dental Hygienist

Licensed, preventive oral health professionals who have graduated from accredited DH programs in institutions of higher education.

Dental Hygiene Process

Systematic approach to DH care including key behaviors of:


-Assessment


-Diagnosis


-Planning


-Implementation


-Evaluation

In what YEAR and WHO emphasized the importance of tooth brushing, flossing and the use of a dentrifice to preserve the teeth and protect the gingiva from oral disease

1819--- Parmly

Who is the "“Father of Dental Hygiene” and "coined" the term dental hygienist?

Dr. Alfred C. Fones

Hygienist means...

"One who is versed in the science of health and prevention of disease"

5 Professional roles of the DH

-Clinician


-Educator


-Researcher


-Administrator or Manager


-Advocate

ADHA

American Dental Hygienist Association


-Promotes highest standard of dental hygiene


-Tri-level structure; local (component), state (constituent) and national levels


-Code of Ethics

PICO

(P), the intervention (I), a comparison (C), and outcomes (O)

Chain of Disease

1. Susceptible Host


2. Infectious Agent


3. Reservoirs


4. Port of exit (How it gets out of body)


5. Transmission (direct, indirect, airborne)


6. Port of entry on the host

Standard of Care

Protects DHCP and patients from pathogens and bodily fluids


- level of care that promotes "excellence"

Droplets

Sneezing, Coughing (TB, chicken pox, Flu)

Contact Precautions

Skin or direct contact

Airborne

Air quality and circulation (needs ventilation)


-TB droplets in air & Legionnaire's disease

Susceptible Host

One not immune

Pathogen

(Sufficient virulence) Virus, microorganism or substance that causes diseases.

Source

Allows pathogen to survive and multiply

Mode

Transmission from source to host

Entry

Portal that the pathogen can enter host

What does the break in the chain of disease do?

Spreads infection

What do the standard precautions do to the chain of disease?

Interrupt chain

Pathogens that are transmissible to oral cavity

-TB


-Viral Hep (A,B,C,D,E)


-Aids (blood & saliva)


-Herpetic Infections (viral)

How does TB transmit?

Droplets (coughing)

Do you treat a patient with TB?

NO

What immunization prevents TB?

Mantoux shot

What is Viral Hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver

What causes Viral Hepatitis?

-Viral and Bacterial infections


-Heavy alcohol use


-Toxins


-Certain medications

HBV prevention has how many parts of a series?

3

A & E (HEP)

oral-fecal route

B,C,D (HEP)

Blood-Bourne route

F, G (Hep)

New transfusion transmitted

Hep A

"Infectious Hep"


- Can get from contaminated food, water, shellfish


PREVENT: Wash hands, get vaccinated, don't drink contaminated water or eat undercooked shellfish

Hep B

Can get from blood and other body fluids, and perinatal transmission.


PREVENT: Hep B shot

Hep C

Transmitted through NEEDLES and blood, can be passed from mom to baby.


PREVENT: NO VACCINE-- FOREVER CARRIER

Hep D

"Delta"


-Co-infection with HBV


-Percutaneous exposure--- Injecting drug use


-Permucosal


PREVENT - HBV VAC



Hep E

"Enterically"


-Transmitted through consumption of infected animals


-contaminated drinking water


-Incubation period is 15-60 days


-Communicable period: unknown


NO VACCINE

Active Immunity

Either from an infection or inoculation

Infection

A state caused by the invasion development, multiplication of an infectious agent to the body.

Virulence

A degree of pathogenicity

What percent of the population has herpes?

95%

Is there a vaccine for herpes?

NO

How many major types of herpes are there?

8

How many types of HPV are there?

Over 100



How many of the HPV types are genital?

40



Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) #1

Transmitted through saliva and direct and indirect contact.


Causes:


Acute Herpetic


Gingivotomatitis


Herpes labials


Ocular Herpes


Herpetic whitlow

Herpes Simplex 2 (HSV-2) #2

Transmitted through sexual contact


Causes: Genital Herpes

Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV) #3

Transmitted through chicken pox, indirect and direct contact, airborne droplets.


Shingles: reactivation of HHV-3




Causes: Chicken pox and shingles

Epstein Barr Virus #4

Transmitted through direct contact and saliva


Causes: MOST COMMON* Infectious, mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia, parotid gland

Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) #5

Transmitted through Perinatal, direct contact, blood transfusion, organ transplant, saliva


Causes: Asymptomatic, immunosuppressed

Herpes Lymphotrophic Virus (HLV) #6

Transmitted through saliva and respiratory droplets.


90% by age 5


Human Papilloma virus


Causes: Roseola infant

Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7) #7

Usually followed by bone marrow transplant or organ transplant


Causes: No symptoms or Roseola infantum





Kaposi's Sarcoma (KSRV or KS) #8

Transmitted by saliva or genital secretions


-Aids defying lesion


-20-70% male on male partners


-purple lesion

Herpes Virus affects the....

Trigeminal ganglion

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus



Aids

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome



PWA

Person with Aids



HIV

Loss of cellular immunity


- Two major types (HIV-1 and HIV-2)



HIV 1

More prevalent in USA and EUROPE



HIV 2

Isolated in West Africa



Modes of Transmission for HIV

-Exposure to blood


-blood products


-sexual contact



T/F: One lathering for 3 min is LESS effective than 2-3 short latherings

TRUE



What is best used for drying?

Paper Towels



Are gloves sterile?

No



Gloves are made out of

Vinyl or Nitrile



CDCP

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


-Not regulatory and does not enforce


-Promotes health and controlling of diseases



3 Sterilization Methods

1. Dry Heat


2. Steam under pressure


3. Chemical Vapor



Steam under pressure

Autoclaves


1. Statim 5000 (small one)


-ultra fast 9min unwrapped cycle


-17.5 min wrapped cycle


2. Midmark (big one)



Is Latex allergy documented?

Yes



Patients at HIGH RISK for latex allergy

-HCW who have repeated exposure to latex


- Multiple medical surgeries where latex gloves were worn, or rubber tubing was usedExamples: Genitourinary abnormalities and Spina Bifida patients (drains used on pts)Food Allergies: bananas, peanuts, kiwi, papaya chestnuts, avocado



Steps for cleaning instruments in sterilization room

1. Ultrasonic (cleans debris off of instruments)


2. Goes to sink & rinse


3. Dry


4. Proceed to packaging


5.Put away



What to do with wet trays?

Stack to air dry



Thermal disinfector

Is a dishwasher to sanitize instruments before sterilization



Tests for Sterilization

Internal Chemical indicators- strips


External Chemical indicators- gray line on bags


Biologic Monitor - tests machine



2 different types of autoclaves


(Steam under pressure)

1. Gravity Displacement (steam enters)


2. High speed pre-vacuum



Dry Heat

-For items that can't steam under pressure.


-120 min at 325 degrees


-long time to process, slow and uneven



Chemical Vapor Sterilizer

-Chemiclave or Harvey


-For items that cannot use high heat/steam


-Formaldehyde and alcohol


-270 degrees and 20-40 PSI


-Needs good ventilation


-NONE AT SCTCC

How far away should you be working from a patients oral cavity?

15-22 inch

Who do you adjust first, you or the patient?

The patient



Neutral Neck Position

0-15 degrees head tilt



Neutral Back Position

Lean slightly forward from waist and hips

Shoulder position

Should be even -- parallel to hips and floor

Upper Arm position

Elbows at waist level held slightly away from body



What to avoid with leg positioning..

Placing legs under the back of the patients chair. It IS OK to put legs under the HEADREST of the patients chair

Where the light should be for Maxillary

Dental light should be above patients chest and shine in at an angle

Where should the light be for Mandibular

Directly shining light on patients mouth as high above patient as possible-- but within reach

Where should forearm be positioned?

Parallel to floor (60- 100 degrees)

Musculoskeletal injury is caused from these 4 things.

Force


Repetition


Position


No rest

Hand position

Little finger-side of palm slightly lower than thumb side of palm


HAND should NOT be parallel.

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

Wrist and hand disorder from compression of median nerve in wrist



Bursitis

DECREASED range of motion


Neck and shoulders become achy


inflammation

Tendinitis

Inflammation of the tendons in the wrist from repitition

Herniated disc

Long period of sitting or not moving


Disc displacement causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves.

Infection control has to be...

Systemic

Can the dental chair and operating room be sterile?

NO

Dental hygiene intervention

An action taken by a dental hygienist to maintain or restore a patients optimal oral health

2 professional organizations that have developed codes of ethics for practice of dental hygiene

The Codes of the American Dental Hygienists Association and National Dental Hygienists Association

Autonomy and respect

To make good decisions on your own

Confidentiality

To protect patients privacy

Societal trust

Building a bond of trust in all relationships

Nonmaleficence

Prevent all harm to others

Beneficence

The act of doing good

Justice and Fairness

Treat everyone equally

Veracity

To be truthful to the patient about treatments

In what way is tuberculosis infection most commonly transmitted?

inhalation of droplet nuclei

A count of which serologic marker is most often used to evaluate and monitor progression of HIV infection

T-helper cells (CD4+)

At what level does the CD4+ T cell count indicate late stage disease or AIDS infection?

Cell count falls below 200

Which type of virus can be found in peridontitis pockets with relatively high prevalence?

HHV- 5



How is a contaminated mask removed from your face?

Grasp side elastic or the strings to remove.

List 3 steps you can use to disinfect and provide care for eyewear worn during patient care

1. Run eyewear under water


2. Clean with detergent and rinse thoroughly


3. Air dry

List glove safety factors that are important for both the patient and the dental hygienist during dental hygiene care

- Effective Barriers


-Impermeable to patients saliva, blood, and bacteria


-Strength and durability


-Impervious to materials routinely using during clinical procedures

Allergen

A substance that causes an allergic reaction

Hypoallergenic

Most likely will not cause an allergic reaction



Atopy

High sensitivity to allergies causing hay fever, eczema, and asthma

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Patient has an immediate reaction

Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

Patient has delayed reaction that typically appears 8 hours to 5 days after

Standard Mask Filtration

Blocks particles with greater than 95% efficiency

Surgical Soap

Contains antimicrobial agent

Antiseptic Hand wash

Used before patient care

Hand washing

Most important in preventing cross contamination

Wide-coverage eyewear

Used by both clinician and patient

Resident Bacteria

Relatively stable on skin; reduced by washing

Transient bacteria

Contaminates skin if contacted; reduced by washing

Skin integrity

Can be protected by covering abrasions with a liquid bandage

Gloves

Available in non sterile and pre sterilized forms

Eyewash station

Never at the sink used for patient care handwashing

Which method of sterilization processes instruments at the highest temperature

Dry Heat Oven

How frequent is biological monitoring of sterilization procedures recommended in the dental office setting?

Once per week

Which type of autoclave sterilizes instruments faster?

Pre-vacuum

What microorganism is used as a biologic monitor for a steam autoclave system?

Geobacillus stearthermophilus

3 levels of chemical disinfectants

1. High-level: Inactivates spores and all forms of bacteria, fungi, and viruses


2. Intermediate: Inactivate all forms of microorganisms but not spores


3. Low-level: Inactivate vegetative bacteria and certain lipid-type viruses but do not destroy spores

Infectious Waste

Capable of causing an infectious disease

Contaminated Waste

Items that have contacted blood or other body secretions

Hazardous Waste

Poses a risk to humans or the environment

Toxic Waste

Capable of having a poisonous effect

Regulated Waste

Liquid blood or saliva, sharps contaminated with blood or saliva, and non share solid waste saturated with liquid or blood or saliva, including teeth.

Steps of Disinfecting environment

1. Put on PPE, including heavy duty gloves


2. Scrub surfaces with gauze sponges or paper towels


3. Spray all surfaces liberally and completely


4. Spray surfaces and allow to air dry

CDC Says waterlines should be flushing for ________ at the beginning on the day and for ______ between patients

2 minutes, 30 seconds

2 factors when welcoming a patient

1. Greeted by name


2. Escort patient to dental chair

Ergonomics

Designing work places to fit the people that use them. Purpose to reduce risk of injury.

Body mechanics

How to properly use our body movements

Cumulative trauma

Damage and pain caused from repetitive actions

ADHA

American Dental Hygienists Association

CDHA

Canadian Dental Hygienists Association

IFDH

International Federation of Dental Hygienists

NDHA

National Dental Hygienists Association

Anergy

Diminished reactivity to specific antigen; inability to react to skin-test antigen (even if person is infected with the organism tests) because of immunosuppression

CDCP

United States Centers of Disease Control and Prevention

CFU

Colony Forming Unit

HCP

Health Care Personnel

DHCP

Dental Health Care Personnel

Herpes Gladiatorum

Infection transmitted by skin contact among wrestlers and other athletes

Herpes Barbae

Herpes simplex spread over the bearded part of the face due to minor injuries of daily shaving or contamination from a razor

Percutaneous

By way of, or through, the skin

Transmission (Horizontal)

Passage of an infectious agent from one individual to another


Serologic diagnosis

The identification of a disease by serum markers of that specific condition

Seroconversation

After exposure to the etiologic agent of a disease, the blood changes from negative to positive for the serum marker for that disease; the time interval for conversion is specific for each disease

Transmission (Vertical)

Passage of an infectious agent from one generation to another by breast milk or across the placenta

Vehicle

A substance or object that serves as an intermediate means by which and infectious agent is transported and introduced into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry

Virion

Complete virus particle made up of the nuclei (the genetic material) and capsid (the shell of protein that protects the nucleoid)

AZT (ZDV)

Zidovudine, retrovir, drug used for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS


-first antiviral drug approved by the USFDA

HAART

Highly active antiretroviral therapy containing several antiretroviral medications; the combination has been more effective than mono therapy in the treatment of HIV

IDU

Injection-drug user

LAV

Lymphadenopathy-associated virus; one of the former names for HIV

MMWR

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

OHL

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

PCP

Pneumocystis pneumonia

PGL

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

CDC

Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention

PPD

Purified protein derivative for TB

ADA

American Dental Association

Antiseptic

A substance that prevents or arrests the growth or action of microorganisms with by inhibiting their activity or by destroying them; term used especially for preparations applied topically to living tissue


Asepsis

Free from contamination with microorganisms includes sterile conditions in tissues and on materials, as obtained by exclusion, removing, or killing organisms

Aseptic Technique

Procedures carried out in the absence of pathogenic microorganisms

Bioburden

A microbiologic load, this is, the number of contaminating organisms present on a surface before sterilization or disinfection

EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency


Protects human health and environment such as cleaners.

FDA

United States Food and Drug Administration



OSAP

Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures Research Foundation

PEP

Postexposure prophylaxis

Kyphosis

Naturally occurring curve in the thoracic region of spine that, when viewed from side, is curved toward the back of the body

Lordosis

Naturally occurring curves in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine that, when viewed from the side, are curved toward the front of the body.

Incubation period for HIV-1
6 weeks to 6 months
Acute Seroconversion syndrome (HIV-1)
2-3 weeks of flu-like symptoms
Early Symptomatic HIV disease
Systemic symptoms like night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea, fever, general weakness
Late Stage disease: AIDS
Pneumonia
Symptoms: Aids-indicating conditions
More opportunistic infections, body systems shut down, wasting syndrome, weight loss

Which herpes has latent infection in trigeminal nerve ganglion that can reactive later?

Hsv-1

What size particle can pentrate to the alveoli of lungs when inhaled?

3-5 um

What size are the turberculosis-causing bacterium particles?

0.5-1 um

What microorgansim is used for biologic monitor for steam autoclave?

Geobacillus stearothermophilus