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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Introduction

Chapter 2

Anatomy

description and observation of structures; comes from the root meaning to dissect

Morphology

Relating and interpreting structures; the study of form (don’t need to dissect)

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a group or structure; studied via paleontology, functional adaptation/comparative morphology, embryology

Embryology

study of development of structures in embryos

Homology

shared common ancestry; related

Analogy

shared common function

Homoplasy/HomoplasticOrgans

shared anatomy but not homologous, for example the wing of a bird and the wing of a grasshopper; form vs. function is due to Darwin’s Natural selection, adaption and preadaptation

Adaption

function first then form, for example there was food on land so a fish with funny fins crawled to it

Preadaptation

form first then function, for example fish with funny fins had fins first and came to land

Theoryof Natural Selection

described as survival of the fittest, it maintains that the organisms best suited to survive in their environment are more likely to reproduce and pass their genetic material to the next generation, while those with less advantageous traits are less likely to survive long enough to reproduce.

Evolution

change in gene frequency in a population; 4 types: divergent, convergent, parallel and organic

Divergent evolution

related;the evolutionary pattern in which two related species diversify to new habitats

convergent evolution

not closely related; the pattern that takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure, for example whales and fish have some similar characteristics since both had to evolve methods of moving through the same medium (water)

parallel evolution

related and isolated; the pattern that occurs when two species evolve independently of each other, maintaining the same level of similarity; this usually occurs between species that do not occupy the same or similar niches in a given habitat

Organic evolution

present species are descendants of previous species; a concept that embodies the belief that existing animals and plants developed by a process of gradual continuous change from previously existing forms

Vestigial structures

structures better developed in ancestors

Rudimentary structures

structures better developed in descendants

Ontogeny

an Individual’s life history from fertilization to death

Heterochrony

changes in relative rates of development; specifically paedogenesis, neoteny and paedomorphosis

Paedogenesis

gonads develop fast

paedomorphosis

immature features of ancestor become characteristics of future species, for example the gills of mudpuppies

neoteny

a type of paedomorphosis in which larval features are retained in the individual

Vertebrate Characteristics

Chapter 1

What is the taxonomical Classification of the Vertebrates?


Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata

Chordata

600 mya; characteristics: dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord (backcord) first skeletal feature in vertebrates which serves as base and support, Pharyngeal gillslits/arches, postanal tail

The Vertebrates

largest chordate subphylum with 50,000 species; juvenile features (notochord, dorsal nerve tube and swimming ability) have been evolutionary retained in today’s chordates

*Vertebrate Origins*

Ordovician Period (500 mya)


-prochordates


-primitive echinoderm


-Tunicates (marine invertebrate)


-Lancelet (chordate)

Vertebrate Characteristics

metamerisim, three germ layers, skin, trunk with coelom, muscular system, paired pectoral/pelvic appendages, thyroid tissue, vertebral column, bilateral symmetry, ventral chambered heart, closed circulatory system, digestive tract, cephalization

Vertebrate Classes

Chapter 3 & 4

*Fish*

Osteichthyes


Osteichthyes


Cyclostomata


Agnathostome


Gnathostome

Endothermic

generate low heat

Homeothermic

maintain stead temp (birds & mammals)

Ectothermic

heat from environment

Poikilothermic

temp varies (snakes, fish)

Anamniote

an animal whose eggs lack embryonic membranes or amnion

Amniote

an animal whose egg has embryonic membranes or amnion

Development of Vertebrates

Chapter 5

OviparousAnimals

producingeggs that develop and hatch outside the body of a female; egg birth; lay eggs(fish, birds, and amphibians)

ViviparousAnimals

bringingforth living young rather than laying eggs; producing live young from withinthe body of the parent female; live birth; most mammals (except birds &agnathans)

OvoviviparousAnimals

retainingthe eggs within the body of the female in a brood chamber in which thedevelopment of the embryo take place; egg live birth; hatched inside mother(Squalus)

Gamete

sexcell; sperm and eggs; vegetal pole is the yolk region, animal pole is theregion of the egg with high metabolic activity,

zygote

cellformed from the union of an egg and a sperm; fertilized egg; joined gametes

lecithal

yolk, two types: isolecithal and telolecithal

Vitellinemembrane

surroundsthe egg; a thin non cellular membrane secrete by the oocyte and follicularcells that surround an oocyte and that will form the fertilization membrane ifsperm penetration occurs

Jelly

protectivecovering of eggs (amphibian eggs)

Capsule

outermostencapsulation structure of the egg; consisting of one or more membranes; theprotective shell

Microlecithal Egg

small amount of yolk; blastula is a hollow ball of cells with blastocoel, gastrulation is involution (enfolding) creating the blastopore and archenteron