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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Introduction |
Chapter 2 |
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Anatomy |
description and observation of structures; comes from the root meaning to dissect |
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Morphology |
Relating and interpreting structures; the study of form (don’t need to dissect) |
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary history of a group or structure; studied via paleontology, functional adaptation/comparative morphology, embryology |
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Embryology |
study of development of structures in embryos |
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Homology |
shared common ancestry; related |
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Analogy |
shared common function |
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Homoplasy/HomoplasticOrgans |
shared anatomy but not homologous, for example the wing of a bird and the wing of a grasshopper; form vs. function is due to Darwin’s Natural selection, adaption and preadaptation |
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Adaption |
function first then form, for example there was food on land so a fish with funny fins crawled to it |
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Preadaptation |
form first then function, for example fish with funny fins had fins first and came to land |
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Theoryof Natural Selection |
described as survival of the fittest, it maintains that the organisms best suited to survive in their environment are more likely to reproduce and pass their genetic material to the next generation, while those with less advantageous traits are less likely to survive long enough to reproduce. |
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Evolution |
change in gene frequency in a population; 4 types: divergent, convergent, parallel and organic |
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Divergent evolution |
related;the evolutionary pattern in which two related species diversify to new habitats |
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convergent evolution |
not closely related; the pattern that takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure, for example whales and fish have some similar characteristics since both had to evolve methods of moving through the same medium (water) |
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parallel evolution |
related and isolated; the pattern that occurs when two species evolve independently of each other, maintaining the same level of similarity; this usually occurs between species that do not occupy the same or similar niches in a given habitat |
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Organic evolution |
present species are descendants of previous species; a concept that embodies the belief that existing animals and plants developed by a process of gradual continuous change from previously existing forms |
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Vestigial structures |
structures better developed in ancestors |
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Rudimentary structures |
structures better developed in descendants |
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Ontogeny |
an Individual’s life history from fertilization to death |
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Heterochrony |
changes in relative rates of development; specifically paedogenesis, neoteny and paedomorphosis |
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Paedogenesis |
gonads develop fast |
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paedomorphosis |
immature features of ancestor become characteristics of future species, for example the gills of mudpuppies |
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neoteny |
a type of paedomorphosis in which larval features are retained in the individual |
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Vertebrate Characteristics |
Chapter 1 |
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What is the taxonomical Classification of the Vertebrates?
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Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata |
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Chordata |
600 mya; characteristics: dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord (backcord) first skeletal feature in vertebrates which serves as base and support, Pharyngeal gillslits/arches, postanal tail |
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The Vertebrates |
largest chordate subphylum with 50,000 species; juvenile features (notochord, dorsal nerve tube and swimming ability) have been evolutionary retained in today’s chordates |
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*Vertebrate Origins* |
Ordovician Period (500 mya) -prochordates -primitive echinoderm -Tunicates (marine invertebrate) -Lancelet (chordate) |
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Vertebrate Characteristics |
metamerisim, three germ layers, skin, trunk with coelom, muscular system, paired pectoral/pelvic appendages, thyroid tissue, vertebral column, bilateral symmetry, ventral chambered heart, closed circulatory system, digestive tract, cephalization |
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Vertebrate Classes |
Chapter 3 & 4 |
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*Fish* |
Osteichthyes Osteichthyes Cyclostomata Agnathostome Gnathostome |
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Endothermic |
generate low heat |
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Homeothermic |
maintain stead temp (birds & mammals) |
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Ectothermic |
heat from environment |
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Poikilothermic |
temp varies (snakes, fish) |
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Anamniote |
an animal whose eggs lack embryonic membranes or amnion |
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Amniote |
an animal whose egg has embryonic membranes or amnion |
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Development of Vertebrates |
Chapter 5 |
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OviparousAnimals |
producingeggs that develop and hatch outside the body of a female; egg birth; lay eggs(fish, birds, and amphibians) |
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ViviparousAnimals |
bringingforth living young rather than laying eggs; producing live young from withinthe body of the parent female; live birth; most mammals (except birds &agnathans) |
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OvoviviparousAnimals |
retainingthe eggs within the body of the female in a brood chamber in which thedevelopment of the embryo take place; egg live birth; hatched inside mother(Squalus) |
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Gamete |
sexcell; sperm and eggs; vegetal pole is the yolk region, animal pole is theregion of the egg with high metabolic activity, |
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zygote |
cellformed from the union of an egg and a sperm; fertilized egg; joined gametes |
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lecithal |
yolk, two types: isolecithal and telolecithal |
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Vitellinemembrane |
surroundsthe egg; a thin non cellular membrane secrete by the oocyte and follicularcells that surround an oocyte and that will form the fertilization membrane ifsperm penetration occurs |
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Jelly |
protectivecovering of eggs (amphibian eggs) |
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Capsule |
outermostencapsulation structure of the egg; consisting of one or more membranes; theprotective shell |
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Microlecithal Egg |
small amount of yolk; blastula is a hollow ball of cells with blastocoel, gastrulation is involution (enfolding) creating the blastopore and archenteron |