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71 Cards in this Set

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Nutrition

The sum of all processes invovled in consuming feed and utilizing the components for promoting growth of tissue or replacement of worn tissue

Nutrient

A chemical element or compound in the diet or external environment of an organism that norishes or sustains the body

Whats included in the external environment?

Soil, GI Tract (interior & lumen)

3 requirements to be a essential or indispensable nutrients?

1 required for normal metabolic function


2 animal cant make it w/o in suffiicient quantities or not at all


3 deprivation leads to clinical signs i.e. sickness

What is conditionally essential nutrients?

Nutrients that are essential only during specific stages of the life cycle when animal cant synthesize enough to meet needs

What is conditionally essential nutrients?

Nutrients that are essential only during specific stages of the life cycle when animal cant synthesize enough to meet needs

About how many essential nutrients are there?


40

Why study nutrition?

1 helps learn more about ani. body


2 provide info abt nutrient requirements and proper feeding


3 provide info that can be applied to humans & ani


Info can be used to improve diet/health of all ani

3 key things

Who is Antoine Levoisier?

French chemist


Founder of the science of nutrition


Est chemical basis of nutrition

Name the 6 classes of nutrients

Water


Carbohydrates


Lipids


Protein & other nitrogen containg compounds


Minerals


Vitamins

What nutients are in Dry matter?

(All except water)


Carbs


Vitamins


Minerals


Protein


Fat

What organic components are found in dry matter?

Carbs


Lipids


Protein


Vitamins

What inorganic components are found in dry matter?

Only minerals

What are the functions of nutrients in the body?

1 provide energy (carbs, lipids, proteins)


2 promote growth and maintenance of tissues (proteins, lipids, minerals, water)


3 regulation of body processes (all except carbs)

3 functions

Whats the process of photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll containing cells convert energy from sun to chemical energy

Plant cells characteristics

Use a process called photosynthesis


Synthesize amino acids from inorganic nitrates in soil


Higher % of carbohydrates than ani cell


Store energy as carbohydrates


Have a cell wall made of carbohydrates

Animal cell characteristics

Greater % of fat & concentration of protein then plant cell


Store enery as fat (triglycerides)


Have a membrane (phospholipid bilayer & protein)

What are 2 major minerals in animals?

Calcium and phosphorous found in bone

What are 2 major minerals in plants?

Silicon and potassium


Silicon in grasses wear down teeth

What are plant & ani cells 2 major components?

Water & dry matter (organic and inorganic matter)

Define feeds

Naturaly occuring ingredients fed to ani for the purpose of sustaining them

Define feedstuffs

Any component of a diet of natural or artifical orgin that has nutritional value when prperly perpared

Whats the IFN?

International feed number


Feed classification- what grass - stage of growth


Administered by the national research council

What are forages?

Plants grown for feeding animals (WHOLE plant)


Vegetative materials in fresh, dried, or ensiled state


High in NDF

What are some examples of forages?

Pature, hay, silage

Define roughage

Bulky feeds w/ a low weight per unit volume


High in fiber


High in neutral detergent fiber

What is structural carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates that make up cell wall which are cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin


Also lingin (not a carbohydrate) (NDF)

What are readily available nutrients?

Nutrients in cell insides which are sugars and proteins

Significance of crude fiber (CF)

Measure portion of feedstuff not digestible


Contain cellulose and lignin (acid detergent fiber) inc ADF dec digestibility

What are two major forage families?

Grasses, which are narrow leaves on a cylindrical stem


and


legumes, which have 3 leaflets per stem

What is 1 major grass category?

Cool season grass


known as C3 or temperate plants


Grown best less than 80°


Stores carbs for regrowth but slow lowering quality


Matures slower more nutritious

What is another major grass category?

Warm season grass


Called C4 or tropical plants


Efficient in solar energy, co2, & h20 to make carbs


Grow at 95-105°


Deep root sys. adapted to water stress


Low protein, high fiber

In NC what kind of cool and warm season grass exist?

NC as temperate climate


Cool: fescue, orchardgrass, timothy, and ryegrass (pasture forage)


Warm: bermudagrass and switchgrass

2 ways to plant patures

Mixed patures


Cool grass in one pasture & warm in the other

Characteristics of legumes

Hold bacteria in root sys. (rhizobia turn N into ammonia)


Dont need N fertilization & inc N in soil


Greater protein concentration and calcium


Ex... clover & alfalfa

3 Generalizations of forage quality

1 leaves are more noutrious than stems (soluble carbs=high digestibility) higher quality greater leaf:stem ratio


2 young plants noutrious than old plants, protein dec


3 lugumes: better quality than grass, high L:S ratio, Ca, Mg


Ruminates eat no problem

Cotton that is feed to cattle

Cotton textile mill byproduct: mostly cellulose to beef cow


Cottonseed hulls=imp. Roughage for beef & dairy (palatable)

Examples of hulls that are roughages?

Oat, peanut, Cottonseed, and soybean hulls

Define pasture

An area of land where there is a growth of forage ani, can graze

What are 2 ways of preserving forages?

Hay and silage

Nutrients required in the greatest amt by plants

Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium


Proper pH too low add lime

4 Stages of maturity of plants

1 leafy vegetative


2 boot w/ seed heads enclosed in leaf sheath


3 heading seed heads show, protein dec.


4 bloom (protein, minerals dec: cell wall content inc= low quality)

Effects of undergrazing

Is more mature forage that has low nutrition and less palatable


Drive out lower grown grass (orchardgrass shade white clover)


Less digestible

What are 3 grazing management systems?

Continuous, rotational, and strip grazing

Describe continuous grazing

Uninterrupted grazing throughout grazing season


Adv: less mgmt & capital input in low


Disadv: ani graze in patches, low forage quality, feces in 1 area, & low stock rate

Effects of overgrazing

Weak plants (less leaf surface)


Soil erosion


Weeds invade

What is rotational grazing

Sys that uses 2 or more pastures that are grazed then rested in a planned sequence


Adv: better forage growth/condition, plants recovery period, dec over/undergrazing, feces distributed, stock greater


Disadv: more capital input for water sys, more mgmt

Describe strip grazing

Same as intensive rotational grazing


Movable electric fence to fence off small areas/paddlocks


Ani moved after days of grazing


Adv: better forage use, less selection, greater stock


Disadv: cost of water sys & fence, more mgmt, inc labor cost

Potential problems for grazing ani

Bloat, nitrate toxicity, grass tetany, fescue toxicosis, endophyte-free

Describe bloat

Legume patures (alfalfa & clover)


Ruminants susceptible (foam accumulation) entrap gass=distension (suffucate, die)


Anti bloat: poloxalene (destabilize foam), limit grazing, mixed pature

Describe nitrate toxicity

From excess nitrate accumulation in plants (N fertilization and drought)


Ruminants susceptible


Cause respiration, trembles, convulsions, death


Prevent: test forage, blend hay, let regrow

Describe grass tetany

Low magnesium intake=low blood mg concentration in body


Rapid growth of cool grass in spring=plant low mg, high K, high organic acids


Ruminants susceptible


Causes: incoordination, convulsions, death


Prevent: MgO supplements

Describe Fescue toxicosis

In all grazing ani. (Kentucky 31)


Hardy due to fungus (endophyte=insect resist, tolerance to bad soil)


Compunds toxic to ani


Cattle:dec intake, hair loss, lameness, less heat-tolerant


Horse: abortion, long birth, dec milk

Describe endophyte-free

Fescue not hardy but expensive (can germinate)


Endophyte-friendly has fungus but no toxic (Max Q)

Define hay

Forage harvested durung the growing season and perserved by drying


Reduce moisture to 10-15% (alfalfa)

Factors that determine quality of hay

Species of grass (grasses/legumes:calcium shatter when raked) (cool & warm)


Stage of maturity (inc mature dec quality)


General handling


Weather when cut ( Rain less souble nutrients)

What are the 4 steps to making hay

1 mow (conditiong roller thru roller to crush stem)


2 cure (dry)


3 rake into windows (10 wheel rake)


4 collect and store (wrap retains nutrients)

What is silage?

Or haylages, fermented forage stored w/o O2 in a silo


more nutrition value


Fed to dairy/beef cattle (corn silage)


Moisture 60-70%


Cut into pieces, packed in silo (anaerobic), then sealed

define coproducts feeds

Concentrates and roughages other than the primary products from animal and plant processing

What to think about when buying coproducts

1. Cost: cheaper


2. More variability bc not main concern


3. Palatability


4. Transportation cost: Wet feed, high trans cost (nearby)


5. Cost per unit protein or e+


6. Toxic components: arcinic

Protein supplement coproducts

Expensive


Produced in large quantities


Great quality control Reduce variation

What are cereal plants

Annual grass


Whole seed (cereal grains) i.e. corn,wheat,barley,oats


Coproducts are energy feeds: protein supplements(corn gluten meal) or roughages

Major industries that process grains

Brewing


Distilling


Wet milling


Dry miling


3 Main parts of a seed

1. Seed coat & bran layer: protective layer (fiber & protein)


2. Endosperm: starch & gluten= nourishment to embryo (protein)


3. Germ: embryo develops (protein, oil, phosphorous)

Describe mob-grazing

Short duration, high intense grazing


Inc stock rate, multiple daily moves

Describe the 1st step in a silo

Aerobic phase: enzymes & bacteria active


Leads to dec in O2 and inc heat


Describe the 2nd step in a silo

Fermentation: anaerobic bacteria multiply


2 acids produced: acetic acid & lactic acid (major acid) (4-10% of DM)

Problems with silage

Too wet: seepage=nutrition loss


High in pH=butyric acid= poor quality


Too dry: hard to pack, improper ferment leads to mold

Different types of silos

Upright(tower): concrete stave/glass lined, packed by gravity


Blue angels: expensive, fiberglass, unload 4rm bottom


Horizontal: above ground (bunker)/ below ground (trench) packed w/ tractor, cover w/ platic & tire


Bag: on firm ground, more mobile

Facts of Energy feeds

Higher in e+ density and lower in fiber


Highly digestible <18% CP, <35% cell wall

What are Concentrates

Inc e+ density of diet, low in fiber, digestible


Low protein content : Carbonaceous feed <20% CP


High protein content: Nitrogenous feeds >20% CP (Protein supplement)


Ex...soybeans meal