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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the desired characteristics of a urine container?
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-Clean, dry, leak proof
-50 mL size -Clear plastic - can see -Sterile |
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What are 4 types of specimens?
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1. First morning
2. Random 3. Clean-voided, mistream/steril 4. 24-hr |
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Which specimen type is best for routine testing?
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First morning
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Which specimen type is used for drug screens?
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Random
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Which specimen type is used for cultures?
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clean-voided
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What are the testing conditions that must be met for specimens?
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-Test done w/in 30 min
-NCCLS w/in 2 hrs -Reject if over 2hrs at R.T. |
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How long can a specimen be preserved?
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8hrs
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What are 7 preservatives?
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1. Refrig
2. tablets 3. Formalin 4. Acidification 5. Boric acid 6. Sodium carbonate 7. Tolune |
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How does refrigeration alter a specimen?
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1. Limits: bact growth, loss of cells/casts/glucose, urea.
2. Induces crystal formation 3. Alters tests so warm to RT first. |
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How does acidification alter a specimen?
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pH to 3, preserves formed elements but alters test pH.
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How does boric acid alter a specimen?
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Preserves protein and cells.
Precipitates crystals. |
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How does tolune interfere with specimens?
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It DOESNT - but it is flammable.
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What is another good preservative? Why?
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Sodium flouride - b/c it doesn't alter tests, and prevents glycolysis.
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What is formalin good for, and what is bad about it?
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-Great for urine sediment
-Bad b/c a reducing agent; interferes with -Glucose -Blood -LE -Cu reduction |
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What are the specimen requirements for metal analysis?
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-Time collection to quantitate
-Solubilize with acid -use a matrix modifier |
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What indicates a urinalysis?
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-Status of kidney/urinary tract
-Wellness screening -Screen UTI-risk people -Metabolic/nonrenal disorders |
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What 3 things are used in qc of urinalysis?
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-Reagent strips
-Refractometer -Data correlation |
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How often should QC be run?
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Every 24 hrs, once a shift.
OR whenever a new bottle of strix is opened, or lot number. |
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How to QC the refractometer?
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1. With water = 1.000
2. With 5% NaCl = 1.002 +- .001 3. With 9% Sucr = 1.034 +- .001 |
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What are the requirements for spinning and decanting urine?
(vol, speed, time, sedi) |
-12 mL
-400 x g -5 min -1 mL Sedi (Kova pipette) |
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What are the 4 types of renal disease indicators?
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-appearance
-Spcf gravity -Chemistries -Sediment |
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What 4 things are looked at in appearance?
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-Color
-Transparency -Odor -Foam |
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What's indicated by:
-White foam -Yellow foam |
White = protein
Yellow = bilirubin |
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What is a normal spc. gravity?
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1.015 to 1.025
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what would a spcf. grav over 1.035 indicate?
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X-ray contrast media
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which chemistries indicate renal disease?
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-Protein
-Blood -Nitrite -LE |
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What should the rxtns be?
-Protein -Blood -Nitrite -LE |
Protein = less than 10 mg/dl
Blood = none Nitrite/LE = none |
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What is hematuria?
What is hemoglobinuria? |
Hematuria = intact RBCs.
Hemoglobinuria = free Hb. |
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What does Hburia indicate?
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Intravascular hemolysis.
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What in sediment do we evaluate?
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-Cells
-Casts Crystals. |
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What cells are usually seen in urine sedi?
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Epithelial
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What are casts?
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Protein matrix, formed around cells, or empty.
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What are the general indicators of metabolic disease?
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-pH
-Appearance -Chemistries |
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What about the appearance indicates metabolic disease?
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concentration and pigments.
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What pigment makes urine yellow?
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Urochrome.
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What 4 chemistries indicate metabolic disease?
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Glucose
Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen |
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What 4 other rare conditions does urinalys help investigate?
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-Hemoglobin: intravasc hemolysis
-Myoglobin: trauma/musc wasting -Ig lite chains: mult. myeloma -Porphobilinogen: porphyrias |
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What 4 main characteristics of appearance are evaluated in any urinalysis?
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1. Volume
2. Odor 3. Clarity 4. Color |
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What affects the msmt of volume?
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-Only can be done with a 24 hour specimen.
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What are 4 types of urine volumes to note?
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-Polyuria (>1.5 L per day)
-Oliguria (<400 ml/24 hrs) -Anuria (no urine at all) -Nocturia (incd nite output) |
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What are 5 types of odors, and what causes them?
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1. Aromatic from volatile acids
2. Ammoniacal from ammonia 3. Foul from bacterial decomp. 4. Characteristic - foods 5. Fruity from acetone |
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How do you denote "clarity"?
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-Clear
-Turbid |
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What 6 things make turbid urine?
-3 are amorphous -3 are cellular |
Amorphous: phosphates, carbonates, urates.
Cellular: epith/blood cells, bacteria |
