Quest

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White standard

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Research w/ White euro-americans where they act for standard against all other research that is measured

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Internal validity

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Refers to the causal inference. The procedures are designed to help us make an inference that can lead to a change in behavior. Eg. A change of medication can lead to a change in depression

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External validity

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Refers to the generalizability of the results. Will the results be the same if done on another group or with another "leader"

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Quantitative approach

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Numerical approach

Likertz scale

Observation - number of times something happens

Not limited to survey

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Qualitative approach

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Open-ended questions. Show interest in other cultures and form a close personal contact and the stereotypes will decrease

In some cultures it doesn't make sense to rate their feelings on a scale

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Etic approach

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An attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures. It happens because we are humans, universal

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Emic approach

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An attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture. BEhavior patterns that are unique to a specific group

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Imposed etics

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The imposition of ones cultures worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal

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Individualism

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A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member

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Collectivism

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A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the groups or collectives preferences, needs and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual

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4 types of worldviews

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Conflict based = theory of natural selection

The survival based = Conformity and obedience (Hitler and Nazigermany)

Identity based = Advancing in ones own life, "I have read alot about this and want to work for it". Womens march

Peace-centered = Universal declaration of Human Rights

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Bias of the user

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Administrator interprets test w/bias and as a result may disadvantage a group or people

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Bias of the usage

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test used in an inapproprate manner.

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Narrow definition of culture

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Culture is limited to race, ethnicity and/or nationality

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Broad deifinition of culture

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Culture is defined by any of the important or meaningful ways that we identify ourselves with, Eg. language, gender, age, ethnicity/race, spirituality, sexual preferences

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Worldview

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Out perception of the environment thta determines how we think, feek and behave

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Ethnicity

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Shares a common ancestry, memories of a shared past and cultural focus on the symbolic elements

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Race

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Biological concept = genetics eg. Skin color

Socio-cultural = characteristics, values, beliefs

Social construction = there is no biological supprt to categorize groups

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4 types of equvalence

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Functional equivalence = an object that differs from another object but that can preform the same task

Conceptual equivalence = Refers to terms and phrases whose meaning are the same. Eg. depression with different name but same meaning

Linguistic equivalence = When the target langugage carries the same intended meaning as the orginial langugae carries after transition

Metric equivalence = refers to numerical scores. Might have to put 6 as highest number in some cultures as some people would never put 7.

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Back translation

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The measure is translated into the target language then translated back to the original language, if it ends up the same or very near the same it is acceptable for study

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Value orientation model: Dimentions

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Human nature
Man-nature
Time

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Worldview model

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Intersection between locus of control and locus of responsability

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Shame

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Place more emphasis on shame in collectivistic societies. A negative emotion of regret an individual feel when having engaged in negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing. Is related to the fear of losing face

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Giving face

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Most common in asian cultures. Extolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be seen as individualistic if the person did it him self.

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Guilt

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Focus on a specific act I did

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Colored people might not feel that they can do as well from start because of how much/little they are expected to be able to do

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Well-meaning clashes

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are not meant to harm others but because of the cultural concept they can be interpretated wrong

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Idiocentrism

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Individualistic tendencies residing within an individual

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Allocentrism

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Collectivistic tendencies residing within an individual

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Attribution theory

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Attempt to determine the causes of our behavior. Internal/Externa, Stable/unstable

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Fundamental attribution theory

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Tendency to overestimate dispositional causes of behaviors and to underestimate external causes of behaviors

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Ultimate attribution theory

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Tendency to ascribe the cause of a behavior to dispositional characteristics of the group rather than to an individual member. "all individuals of X race is unsuccessful because they are lazy"

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Stereotype

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Generalizations about a group or its members based upon their categorization. Can be seen as a mental shortcut

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Prejudice

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Judgement about a group or its members on the basis of their categorization

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Discrimination

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Negative behavior toward a group or its members

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Racism

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Discriminatory behavior that is supported by institutional power

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Stereotype threat

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The discomfort someone feels when they are at risk of fulfiling a negative stereotype about their group

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Illusory correlation

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Perception of an association between 2 variables: Overestimation and co-correlation

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Overt racism

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direct racism, Jim Crow

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Covert racism

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Indirect racism, serves to maintain racism but is more passice. Intentional is discriminatory behavior that is intentionally racist but "coverted up" so as not to appear racist

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Availability

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A mental shortcut involves estimating the likelihood of an occurance based on the ease w/ which it comes to mind

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Cognitive dissonance

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Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts

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Implicit racism

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When unconscious negative racial beliefs shape attitudes and behaviors held by people who conciously espouse egalitarian racial values

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Aversive racism

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Convet, unintential racism. Practiced by individuals who would deny being racist and who would be appalled to realise that they were engaging in racist acts

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Microaggressions

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Are subtle, automatic, and described as a thousand paper cuts over a stab. disguised as a compliment

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3 types of microaggressions

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Microassult - blatant attack, both verbal/non-verbal

Microinsult - comment or behavior that conveys insensiticity or rudeness

Microinvalidation - dismissal. "no, sexism does not exist"