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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of respiratory acinus?
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Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli |
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Adjacent alveoli communicate with each other by way of?
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Pores of Kohn
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What keeps the bronchioles from collapsing?
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Elastin
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At what level do lymphatic vessels begin?
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Respiratory Bronchioles
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Where do T cells begin to mature?
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In cortex of thymus
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What cells contribute to blood thymus barrier?
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Capillary endothelium
Thymic epithelial cells |
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What types of cells are most numerous in the periatrerial lymphocytic sheath (PALS)?
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T lymphocytes
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What types of cells are most numerous in nodules around central arteries?
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B lymphocytes
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What cells are most common in spleen white pulp?
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Lymphocytes
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What cells are most common in spleen red pulp?
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Macrophages
Erythrocytes Endothelial cells |
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What are the elongated endothelial cells in red pulp surrounded by?
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Reticular fibers (type III)
"barrel analogy" |
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What are central arteries in white pulp surrounded by?
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PALS
Lymph nodules |
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What are penicillar (straight arteries) surrounded by?
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Macrophages
Reticular cells Lymph cells |
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Where would you find MALT?
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Pharynx / tonsils, Peyers Patches
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What organ functions to filter blood, produce lymphocytes, destroy old RBC's, and blood storage?
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Spleen
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What organ function to mature T cells and produce humoral factors which affect maturation of other lymphatic organs?
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Thymus
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What cells allow lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes?
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High cuboidal endothelium venules (HEV)
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What cells are mostly found in the cortex of lymph nodes?
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B lymphocytes
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What cells are mostly found in medulla of lymph nodes?
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B lymphocytes
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What cells are mostly found in paracortex (inner cortex) of lymph nodes?
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T lymphocytes
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Fibrosis does what to compliance?
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Decreases it
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Emphysema does what to compliance?
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Increases it
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COPD/Emphysema does what to elasticity?
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Decreases it, thus makes it harder to breathe in`
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What do serous cells in lungs produce?
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Bactericidal lysozymes
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Where in the lung do you have a loss of goblet & serous cells?
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Bronchioles
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A premature baby who can't produce surfactant will have what syndrome?
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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An adult who undergoes septic shock will have what syndrome?
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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What muscle is important for expiration?
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Internal intercostal
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What muscle is important for inspiration?
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External intercostal
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Where is highly specific adaptive immunity initiated in?
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Secondary lymphoid tissues
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What provides adaptive immunity for blood infections?
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Spleen
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What cells are responsible for humoral immunity?
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B lymphocytes (antibodies)
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What cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity?
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T lymphocytes (cytokines)
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A second exposure to the same antigen initiates a faster immune response b/c?
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Clonal expansion of B & T lymphocytes
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Antibodies produced to T-independent antigen is largely?
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The IgM class
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Recognition of an antigen leads to?
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Blastogenesis
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What accounts for the reason that the PCO2 curve is steeper than O2 curve?
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The Haldane effect
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Oxygen delivery to tissues is by?
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Convection & Diffusion
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What is critical for "pushing" oxygen from capillaries to mitochondria?
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PO2
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NF-KB is a nuclear transcription factor that is critical for the regulation of?
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Apoptosis & Inflammation!
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What is the enzyme that breaks down the peptidoglycan cell wall matrix of many bacteria?
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Lysozyme
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What component of the compliment cascade is important for opsonization?
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C3b
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What granulocyte is the first to arrive at sites of injury & are attracted by chemokines?
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Polymorphonucleated neutrophils (PMNs)
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What cell is vital to the coupling between the innate and adaptive immune systems?
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Macrophages (dendritic cells, kupffer cells)
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What are examples of professional APC's?
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Macrophages, B-cell, Dendritic Cells
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What cells can form granulomas (inflammation lesions) & plaque lesions (which are associated w/ atherosclerosis?
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Macrophages
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Bradykinin is involved in?
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Inflammation
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What are the antimicrobial proteins that are cysteine rich and stored in PMNs?
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Defensins
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What cytokines induce fever and inflammation?
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IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha
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C-reactive protein (CRP) is a useful marker of?
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Inflammation
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What compliment factors are important for inflammation?
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C3a & C5a
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What cells kill tumors w/o prior stimulation?
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Natural Killer cells
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What is the principle cytokine released by NK cells?
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IFN gamma (gamma interferon)
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What are the membrane glycoproteins which control the interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells?
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Selectins
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NK cells are activated by?
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Cytokines (interferons) & Macrophage derived cytokines
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The biochemical "blanket" against the ubiquitous 'enemy' is composed of?
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lysozyme & HCl
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Which bonds in DNA are high energy bonds?
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Phosphoanhydride bonds
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Methionine metabolism results in?
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Succinyl CoA
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What is the committed step in purine synthesis?
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Amidophosphoribosyl Transferase to make PRA
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What are the beginning substrates for pyrimidine biosynthesis?
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Glutamine & CO2
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What are the beginning substrates for purine biosynthesis?
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Ribose 5 phosphate from PPP
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What are purines ultimately broken down to?
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Uric acid
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What are pyrimidines ultimately broken down to?
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Succinyl CoA & Acetyl CoA
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What nerve is stylopharyngeus innervated by?
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Glossopharyngeal - CN IX
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What enzyme does the bulk copying of DNA in replication?
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DNA pol III
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What mutation results from a base substitution which leads to an amino acid change?
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MIssense mutation
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What mutation results form a base substitution that does not lead to an amino acid change?
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Silent mutation
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What mutation results from a base substitution who causes an early formation of a stop codon?
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Nonsense mutation
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Only polymerase that has ability to do repair exonuclease activity?
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DNA Pol I
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Which proteins that are part of the RCA have an anticompliment role?
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Factor H, Factor I, DAF, MCP
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Which proteins that are part of the RCA have a pro-compliment role?
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Properdin
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Which antibodies generally activate the classic compliment pathway?
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IgM & IgG
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What binds to IgM in the classical compliment pathway?
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C1q
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What in the classical compliment pathway acts like the MASP proteins in the lectin pathway?
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Cr2s2
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Which cascade protein is a vasoactive substance that increases vascular permeability?
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C2b
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Hereditary angioedema is caused by inadequate levels of?
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C1inh
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Too much of what compliment protein will show up as localized edema of tissue (hereditary angioedema)?
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C2b
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What binds to C4bC2a and displaces C2a thus allowing C4b to be cleaved by factor I?
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C4bp
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What proteins of the MAC insert themselves into the membrane first?
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C5b67
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Where are BcR and TcR acquired?
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In primary lymphoid tissues - bone marrow and thymus
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Where do effector lymphocytes perform their tasks?
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Secondary lymphoid organs
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What is the major organ in which antibodies are synthesized and secreted?
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Spleen
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What cells are solely responsible for antibody production?
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Plasma
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Where do T and B cells undergo clonal proliferation and differentiation into effector cells?
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Secondary lymphoid organs (thymus & bone marrow)
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Where do T lymphocytes get their "education"?
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In medulla of Thymus
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Which cells in the carotid bodies respond to hypoxia?
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Glomus cells
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What disease do you get as a result from vasospasm of arteriolar smooth muscle?
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Raynaud's phenomenon
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What peripheral vascular disease is a result of vasospasm of the digitial arterioles?
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Raynaud's disease
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What peripheral vascular disease is caused by arteriolar vasoconstriction, which leads to lacy blue discoloration of skin in distal extremities?
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Livedo reticularis
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What peipheral vascular disease is due to constriction of precapillary arterioles?
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Acrocyanosis
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What artery supplies the skin of the scrotum?
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External Pudendal artery - from femoral artery
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Thoracic outlet syndrome is due to compression of?
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Sublcavian artery and brachial plexus
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Subclavian steal syndrome occurs when?
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You exercise the upper limb, steals blood from brain via the vertebral artery
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What test is used to assess the patency of the radial artery, ulnar artery and palmar arch?
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Allen test
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What test is used to determine if the anterior scalene muscle is causing the thoracic outlet syndrome?
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Adson's maneuver
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What is Virchow's triad useful for determining?
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Venous thrombosis
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Two major complications of DVT's?
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Pulmonary embolism
Chronic venous insufficiency |
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What lymph nodes drain the scalp?
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Occipital nodes
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What lymph nodes drain the ear?
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Posterior auricular nodes
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What lymph nodes drain the eye?
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Anterior auricular nodes
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What lymph nodes would be associated with carcinoma of the tongue?
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Deep cervical nodes
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What lymph nodes would be involved with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and rubella?
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Posterior cervical nodes
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What lymph nodes are commonly involved with lymphoma?
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Superficial cervical nodes
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What lymph nodes are associated with infection of dental origin and cancer of the mouth?
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Submandibular nodes and submental nodes
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What lymph nodes are pathologic until proven otherwise?
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Suplraclavicular nodes (Virchow's node)
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What lymph nodes drain the skin of penis, scrotum, vulva, vagina, perineum, and gluteal region?
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Superficial inguinal nodes
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What lymph nodes drain the glans penis and clitoris?
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Deep inguinal nodes
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What lymph nodes drain testicular, ovarian, uterine, cervix, and prostate carcinomas?
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Retroperitoneal nodes
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What lymph nodes manifest stomach, colon, ovary, or pancreas malignancy?
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Sister Mary Joseph nodule
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Consolidation on an x-ray can indicate what lung problem?
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Alveolar pneumonia
Left ventricular failure |
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The replacement of alveolar air with either fluid or solid tissue is?
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Consolidation
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What increases water density of lung tissue and produces consolidation?
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Atelectasis
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When a physical obstruction of an airway prevents air from entering the alveoli it causes?
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Atelectasis
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What manifests on an x-ray as a flattened diaphragm and the trachea pulled opposite the affected side?
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Tension pneumothorax
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What will be manifested as volume loss, diaphragm and trachea both pulled up toward affected side?
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Atelectasis
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Will consolidation have a tracheal pull?
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No
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What is manifested as an accumulation of fluid, and trachea pulled away from affected side?
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Pleural effusion
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What vessels do you find in the hepatogastric ligament?
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Right and Left gastric vessels
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What is the name of the sequence that is a pyrimidine rich sequence that facilitates initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes?
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Shine Dalgarno sequence
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What two vessels do you find in the cystohepatic triangle?
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Cystic artery & right hepatic aa
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