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332 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Georges Cuvier |
French Scientist who widely wrote about extinction and made it a popular topic. Did not believe in evolution or NS. Foundational to Vertebrate Biology |
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Elizabeth Kolbert |
Professor at Williams College, author of The Sixth Extinction and Field Notes From a Catastrophe. Popular Science. |
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Carl Akeley |
1910s. Conservation Biologist working with great apes. Better ways to study than shooting for museum specimen. |
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Gretchen Daily |
Stanford. Environmental Sciencist. Future dynamics of biodiversity change. Looking at the fates of population in the "countryside" as the world is expanding. Land Use information. |
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Jane Lubchenco |
Started work in tidal zones. Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. Community development and persistence in low rocky intertidal zone. The paper looks at the factors controlling development and distribution in tidal zones. Looked at predator interactions and removal of predators and herbivores |
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Jane Goodall |
Expert on chimpanzees. Especially famous for popularizing conservation. 55 year study of social and family interactions in Gombe Stream National Park |
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Monica Turner |
University of Wisconsin-Madison. Work in Yellowstone National Park after 1988 fire. Fire ecology and modelings of landscape ecology including predictions of species movements after disturbances |
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Pamela Matson |
Originally worked at NASA. Looked into the impact of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest with emphasis on how pollution impacted the environment. |
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Thomas Lovejoy |
George Mason University. Started Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil in 1979. Looks at impact of size and fragmentation on forests. |
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Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project |
BDFFP- Born from SLOSS debate. Single large or several small reserves of equal area. Brazil incentivized farming as long as half the land was protected. Lovejoy used this to set up experimental forest fragments of differing size. |
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Jared Diamond |
Ruled that in the SLOSS debate, one larger protected area is preferable to several smaller protected areas. This was based off MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography. |
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SLOSS Literature |
Single large or several small. The idea was behind reserve design and largely driven by the species area relationship. |
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Sallie Chisholm |
MIT. Looked into the impact of how marine plankton play a roll in their ecosystem. Especially how they influence productivity and intake carbon. |
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Miles Silman |
Wake Forest. Manu National Park in Peru. Forest plots along different elevations. Each plot thus has a different average temperature. Looks at the migration of trees over time. Lots of climate change implications. |
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eustatic changes |
changes in sea level because volume of water in the sea changes. i.e. glaciation |
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Three Reef Types |
Fringing, barrier, and atolls |
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Fringing Reef |
Around the shore of island. Transitions to barrier reef |
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Barrier Reef |
Body of water between the shore and reef |
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Atoll |
The remaining reef after the land mas is gone |
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Anthrome |
An anthropogenic biome. Describe the terrestrial biosphere in contemporary, human altered form using global ecosystem units defined by global patterns of sustained direct human interaction. |
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Erle Ellis |
Putting People in the Map: Anthropogenic Biomes of the World. Looked at how land use is heavily influenced by people and how this influences the ecosystems. |
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Whittake's Biome |
Classified using precipitation and temperature. |
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Makatea |
Young islands formed by volcanoes and raised reefs |
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sympatric speciation |
Occurs when species are in a group together but diverge. Exploiting new habitat or food sources |
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Allopatric speciation |
Occurs when species are seperated by a physical boundary |
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Parapatric speciation |
caused by a change in habitat that results in behavioral or temporal mating isolation |
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Six Mass Extinctions |
1. K-Pg/K-T Cretaceous-Paleogen or Tertiary 66ma 2. Triassic-Jurassic 201ma 3. Permian-Triassic - 96% of species 252ma 4. Late Devonian- 375 ma 5. Ordovicaian-Silurian- 450ma |
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Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction |
66ma. Caused by impact of meteor. Death of all dinosaurs and ammonites |
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Triassic-Jurassic Extinction |
201ma. 75% of species gone. Many large non-dinosaurian archosaurs went extinct |
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Permian-Triassic Extinctioneven |
252ma. Earths largest extinction. Trilobite gone. |
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Late Devonian Extinction |
375-360ma. |
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Ordovician-Solurian Extrinction Events |
450-440ma |
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Geographic Regions of New Jersey |
Kittatinny Mts, Kittatinny Valley, Highlands, Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain Pine Barrens, Outer Coastal Plain |
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NJ Ridge and Valley |
Part of the Kittatinny Mountains, bounded by unconformity between cambrian and precambrian formations. Has limestone deposits |
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NJ Highlands |
Composed primarily of precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock running from the Delaware river. Northern half is glaciated. |
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NJ Piedmont |
Sediment-filled fit basin. Most densely populated area of New Jersey |
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NJ Inner Coastal Plain |
Lowlands and rolling hills underlain by cretaceous deposits. Loamy soils make this region ideal for agriculture. |
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NJ Outer Coastal Plain |
Unconsolidated Tertiary deposits of sand, silt, and gravels. Includes the pine barrens and salt marshes. |
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Earth History Timeline |
Hadean Eon(4600-4000ma) Formation of Earth and Moon Archean Eon(4000-2500ma) Earths Crust Cools Paleoarchean Era (3600-3200 ma) formation of cyanobacteria. First Oxygen producing Siderian Period-Oxygen starts poisoning cells Rhyacian Period- Mitochondria appear Orosirian Period- higher O2 Statherian Period- complex single celled life appears Calymmain Period- Photosynthetic organisms thrive. Eukaryotic cells appear Ectasian Period- Red and Green Algae thrive Stenian Period- origin of sexual reproduction Tonian Period- Multicellular organisms appear Cryogenian Period- Snowball Earth Hypothesis. Lots of die off Vendian Period- jellyfish, and other soft bodied organisms Cambrian Period- multicellular life, lots of animals Ordovician Period- diverse mariane invertebrates such as trilobites, plants and fungi on land, Mass extinction Silurian Period- earths climate stable, insects and plants on land Devonian Period- Tiktaalik 375ma, Mass extinction Carboniferous Period- large primative trees, oxygen increases Perimian Period- Earth is cold and dry. Conifers first appear. Permian-Triassic Extinction occurs Triassic Period- reptiles populate the land, Pangaea starts to break up, split between dinosaurs and lizards. Mass extiction Jurassic Period- Age of dinosaurs, flying reptiles, Meteor Kills everyone off. Archaeopteryx. Cretaceous Period- flowering plants, lotsof single celled organisms, first birds, KT Extinction Tertiary Period- Flowering plants wide-spread, social insects, lots of mammals Neogene Period- First hominins Quaternary Period- Human evolution. We are currently in the Holocene Epoch but some argue for calling it the Anthropocene |
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Archaeopteryx |
First Bird, transitional between non-avian feathered dinosaurs and modern birds. |
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Hudson |
1998-clear evidence of the oscillations in a population driven by predator (pathogen)-red grouse and nematode-removing the nematode broke the cycle |
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Packer |
2000-Black Cherry Seedlings and soil fungus-Testing Janzen-Connel Hypothesis-Host specific soil predators regulate tree diversity by increasing spacing |
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Holt |
1994-competition for enemy free space among groups-highlight lack of contingent ecological theory-attacks basis of shared generalist predators-bio control and disease implications |
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Post, Pace, Hairston Jr. |
2000-Lakes in NY-Food chain length as function of productivity vs. ecosystem size-used isotopes-size is more important than productivity |
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Finke |
2004-predators weaken / dampens trophic cascades-arthropods in NY-increasing diversity increases interguild effects |
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Young et al |
2013-Palmyra Atoll geckos, rats, and insects-food chain length as function of productivity vs ecosystem size-productivity more important than size-may be differences between marine and terrestrial systems |
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Paine |
1966-suggests local spp diversity is related to number of predators that can keep the local species community from becoming a monoculture-cites tropics high diversity of carnivores due to this |
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Lubchenco |
1978-low and high predator #s yield low algae diversity-medium # yield high diversity |
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Addicott |
1974-Mosquito larvae in pitcher plants-testing whether predator presence promotes prey evenness-concludes it does not-# of spp decreases at high predator density |
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Kerr et. al |
2002-Model and plate innoculation could see "chasing" another example of non-equilibrium dynamics enabling coexistence, "rock-paper-scissors" relationship-e. coli-scale at which disturbances appear Example of Non-Steady State Equilibrium |
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Tilman |
1977-Asterionella and Cyclotella follow the Menod-Tilman model of competition-R*-Astrionella is dominant when both spp are phosphate limited-cycotella when both silicate limited-Coexist only when different resources limit |
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Hairston |
1980-removes p.jordoni salamader from plots, show increase in P. glutinosus.-removing P. glutinosus shows that increased proportion of young-each spp impact the carry capacity of the other-HSS hypothesis into four categories |
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Huisman and Weissing |
-non equilibrium dynamics explain maintance of diversity even with few limiting resources, referred to as the " paradox of the plankton"-Also shows that competioin is not necessarily destructive |
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Connell |
1961-Barnacle vs. Barnacle-snail regulated-testing what factors affect barnacle distribution-Dessication, predation, comp all impact-Balanus barnacles crush and undercut smaller Cthamlus-Snails control, interspecific not as important |
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Schoener |
1983-defines 6 types of competition using 164 studies -Park (1962) not good terms (two types)-different forms of competition dominant in different systems. |
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Silliman and Newell |
2003-Studied fungus and snails in Spartina marshes -Snails radulated Spartina blades to allow fungus to grow-fugus eaten by snails-example of farming in marine environment |
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Winfree et al. |
2014-abundance, not connectivity, drives food web stablility in mutualist food webs |
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Bertness and Callaway |
1994-smiley face graph -positive interactions are less observed than negative ones -at small scales, often pos. interactions look like negative ones -sometimes positive interactions are negative when a predator is not present (buttercups and grass) |
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Clements |
1916 -first community ecologist focused on identifying and listing species at a given location |
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Whittaker |
1975 community: assemblage of populations of plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that live in an environment and interact with one another. Form a distinct living system -stressed proximity and interactions |
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Community Types |
-physical -taxonomical -interactively -statistically |
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physical community |
assemblages of species found in a particular place or habitat |
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Taxonomical community |
recognized by the presence of one or more conspicious species that either dominate that community through sheer biomass or otherwise contribute importantly to physical attributes of the community |
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Statistical community |
consists of sets of speceis whose abundances are significantly conrrerlated, positively, negatively, or over space and time -makes use of overall pattersn-geometric space of S axis each which represent a different species -good for distinguishing communities with similar number of species |
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Interactive community |
consists of those subjects of species in a particular place or habitat whoes interatctions significantly influence their abundance |
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Shannon Index of Richness |
H equals sigma 1:R of pi*ln(pi) where pi is the ith species |
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Evenness |
J -observed richness over possible max -1 is very even, 0 is not |
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Simpsons Diversity Index |
D (or Lambda) is 1-sigma (pi)^2 where p is species and i is the ith species |
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Dilution effect hypothesis |
the incidence and transmission of a pathogen will be lower in communites with a high diversity than in lower diversity communites |
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Consumptive Competition |
Brown and Davidson-eat all of a shared resource |
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Pre-Emption |
Connell 1961-normally sessle organisms-occupy all of a space first |
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Overgrowth |
Chapman 1945 -overgrowing-moss, coral |
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Chemical Interactions |
Muller 1964-Allelopathy-chemicals damage or prevent growth |
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Territoriality |
Sale 1980 -establishing territory to block resource use |
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Encounter |
Hassell 1978 -Encountier messes with individuals -they get flustered-parasitiod wasps |
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Monod |
R* mu=mu(max) *[S/(K(s)+S)] where mu is growth S is S is substrate K is half velocity constant |
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Grinnell |
1914 Used the term nich for first time |
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Competitive exclusion principle |
Hardin 1960 -complete competitors cannot coexist-emphasizes importance of differences among species |
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Resource Utilization Niche |
MacArthur -operational approach which focuses on consumable resources |
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Hutchinsonian Niche |
the range of physical and biological conditions including limiting resources needed for a species to maintain stable population size -N dimensional hypervolume |
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Jefferies and Lawton |
1984 -enemy free space niche aspect. Added to Elton's Niche idea |
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Apparent Competition |
Holt. Similar spcies help support larger predator populations causing problems for both |
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Connell |
1961 interspecific competition among marine animals (barnacles) |
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Liebig |
Law of the Minimus R* |
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Charles Elton |
Animal Ecology His name is associated with the establishment of modern population and community ecology, including studies of invasive organisms. |
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guild |
collection of species that use similar resources in similar ways. No taxonomical restrictions |
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taxocene |
set of texonomically related species within a community |
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functional group |
collection of species that are all engaged in some similar ecological process |
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trophic levels |
subsets of species wthini communities that acquire energy in similar ways |
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ecosystem |
consists of one or more communites together with abiotic surroundings |
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Alpha Diversity |
Local diversity found within a single type of habitat |
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beta diversity |
change or tunrover in species composition among different habitats. Gamma - alpha |
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Gamma diversity |
Regional Diversity. Total of Betas or all alphas |
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Amensalism |
Minus one, zero for the other |
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Character Displacement |
difference in morphology of ecologically similar species are greater sympatry than allopatry. Uses interspecific difference in morphology or resource use to infer possible competion |
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Homologous Feature |
Similar in origin. Common or recent ancestor. Not necessarily the same function |
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Analogous Feature |
Different in origin but similar in function |
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Vestigial Feature |
Structure that serve no use or no longer serve the original use in the organism |
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Rules of Natural Selection |
-Heritable differences must exist in every population -Competition between for resources -traits must offer advantage -individuals must produce more offspring then will survive. |
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Stabilizing Selection. |
Holds a trait stable. Increases one trait |
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Directional Selection |
Moves a trait in a given direct |
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Disruptive Selection |
Splits a trait into multiple different traits |
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Gamete |
the reproductive cells |
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Zygote |
Fertilized Cell |
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exploitative competition |
operates indirectly by the deleption of some shared resource |
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Character Displacement |
differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but minimized or lost where the species distribution does not overlap. Example of dealing with competition. |
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descriptive models |
literally describe how teh abundance of one species affects the abundace of another without specifically including a particualr competitve mechanism |
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Mechanistic models |
explicitly includes information about the mechanism responsible for teh effects of one species on another |
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locally stable population size |
N*. If moved goes back to N* |
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Globally stable |
implies that a system will return to the equilibrium point for any initial value |
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priority effect |
intial conditions determine the outcome of an interaction |
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Neighborhood Models |
mostly used with plants to describe intraspecific and interspecific competition based on how plants respond to variation in the abundance of their immediate neighbors. |
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Eltonian niche |
an organisms functional role in its community, its relation to food and enemies |
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Niche partitioning |
how ecologically similar species differ in their use of resource inversely, studying species that fail to coexist can illuminate what aspects of resource use |
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Competitive Exclusion principle |
Hardin- Complete competitiors cannot coexist |
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Fundamental niche |
preinteractive niche: corresponds to the conditions that the species can persist in ideally |
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Realized/ interactive niche |
corresponds to the actual conditions the species are found in |
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Diffuse competition |
occurs when ther are many species acting as a restraint on the realized niche of a species. Many species act as a strong competitor |
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enemy free space |
set of conditions, not physical location, that minimizes the impact of predators |
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density dependent competition experiment |
hold the intial density of a responding species constant while varying competitor density |
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replacement series design |
study frequency-dependant competition. Study intraspecific competition |
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asymetrics competition |
occurs when species differ in the intensity of their intrapsecific per capita competitive effects |
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keystone species |
helps to maintain a high biodiversity by feeding on a predator that would otherwise competitively exclude the other species present. Pisaster in the rocky intertidal zone |
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Trophic cascade |
when a change in the abudnance of one species in a food chain or food web impacts others |
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Janzen-Connell Hypothesis |
1970 and 1971 -an explanation for the high diversity and over dispersed spatial distribution of tress in tropics.SPECIES SPECIFIC PREDATORS ARE AT HIGHEST DENSITIES AROUND TREES THAT PRODUCE LARGE NUMBER OF SEEDS, thus closer to tree, higher death |
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inducible defenses |
a response, by prey, to the threat of predation through a developmental change in some of the characteristics that affect the prey’s susceptibility to particular predator species. These are a particularly striking example of phenotypic plasticity |
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constitutive defenses |
defense that becomes permanent because the threat of predation is high and constant |
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Errington's Hypothesis |
idea that predators often have little actual impact on total prey abundances mostly because consume prey are those unfortunate individuals that are unable to secure safe territories or refuges from predators. Predator free spaces regular more than predators |
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HSS |
Why the World is Green: Applies only to terrestrial communites. Assumes terrestrial communites are broadly divided into four categories. Primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, and detritivoes. Primary producers are limited by competition. Herbivores not limited by food but predation. They do not eat the world bare. Predators limited by food avaliability. Detritovers food limited |
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Functional Response |
per capital consumption rate of predators on a given density of prey |
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Neutral stability |
a dynamic of the lotka volterra model. Pertubations do not tend to grow in size over time |
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Ratio-dependatn models |
models that include term accounting for ratio of abundances of predators and prey |
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SIR MODEL |
Disease models of infections. Susceptible, infected, resistant |
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Pyramid of numbers |
Eltonian Pyramid: small organisms at the base of the food chain are more numerous than their larger predators and so on up through the remainder of the food chain. There are exceptions |
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Ecological efficieincy |
a measure of the fraction of energy entering one trophic level that is passed on to the next. about 5-15 % |
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Source Web |
describes the feeding relations among species that arise from a single initial food source. |
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Sink web |
describes all of the feeding relations that lead to a set of species consumed by a single top predator. the sink |
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community web |
in theory it describes it all |
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links |
directed describes net effect. undirected does not |
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linkage density |
Links over species. How linked the webs are |
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compartmentation |
referes to the extent to which a food web contains relatively isolated subwebs that are richly connected |
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Omnivory |
occurs when species feed on prey located in more than one trophic level |
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Life History omnivory |
occurs when different life stages or size classes of an organism feed on two different trophic levles |
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Cycle |
occurs if each of a pair of species eats the other |
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loop |
long multi species cycle |
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paradox of enrichment |
idea that communites can become more unstable at higher nutriet levels and thus extinction may occur. Big booms of predators followed by crash |
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return time |
time it takes a system to return to equilibrium |
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elaisomes |
seed part for ant |
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predator escape hypothesis |
suggests that seeds falling near the parent plant have a higher risk of mortality than do seeds dispersed far from the parent plant. |
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non-equilibrium colonization hypothesis |
assumes that optimal locations for seedling establishment are constantly shifting in time and space. Current location of parent seed source poor predictor of good site for seedling |
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David Wake |
University of California Berkeley- Looked into the loss of amphibians due to chytrid fungus. One of the people to call into attention the potential sixth extinction. |
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Fukami and Morin |
Productivity - biodiversity relationship is dependent on the history of the community. Used aquatic microbes and had several relationship curves as a result |
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Bard |
Secondary Succession on the Piedmont of NJ |
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Scherber |
plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of ominvoryplant diversity has strong bottom up effect |
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Tilman |
Diversity is always greater biomass and nutrient cycling than monoculture. |
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Wardle |
Island Area on Ecosystem properties. Larger islands have more diversity but also have more disturbances due to fires caused by lightining |
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Meiners |
Native and Exotic plants tend to act the same way (used HMF). The biggest differences are from life form. |
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Cardinale |
Biodiversity impact on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems-decreased abundance decreases biomass-diverse communities often dominated by one highly productive species |
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Duffy |
Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in sea grass beds-system is very complex. Increasing grazers tends to decrease biomass of seagrass except for in very specific conditions. |
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Loreau |
Diversity v productivity curve |
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Connell |
Reefs and Rainforests-non-equilibrium stablewould go to low diversity if they did not have disturbances but both reefs and rain forests have a lot of disturbances. Bell curve shape |
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Wright |
Evolution faster in tropical climates-evolutionary clock-twice the molecular rate of change due to increased productivity |
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Why More Biodiversity in the Tropics |
Mid-Domain Effect: Colwell, there is the most overlap in species range in tropics Geographical Area Hypothesis: The tropics are the largest biome and that large tropical areas can support the most species Species-energy hypothesis: the amount of available energy sets limits to the richness of the system. Tropics have lots of solar energy Climate Harshness Hypothesis: Fewer species can survive conditions at higher latitudes Climate stability hypothesis: climate is more stable, easier to adapt to Historical Perturbation Hypothesis: low species richness of higher latitudes is a consequence of less time after glaciation. Evolutionary Rate Hypothesis: evolutionary rate is higher in the tropics due to higher temperatures and shorter generation times |
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Tewksbury |
Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions -corridors increase genetic exchange -made sure that the increase was not just due to increased area from adding corridor |
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Sousa |
Disturbances in marine boulder fields -non-equilirbrium -species diversity-sessile organisms get crushed allowing more to move in |
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Scheffer |
Alternative stable-state floating plant masses. Plant masses come in and make it harder to shift back. self stablizing. Hysteresis |
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Hysteresis |
the change in energy needed to restore a system to an alternate stable state |
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Rhode |
latitudinal gradients of diversity |
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Holyoak + Lawler |
Persistence of an Extinction Prone Predator Prey Cycle -protist predator prey systems-bottles connected by passages -equal volume single bottles as control -asynchronus cycles allow for persistance |
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Leibold |
Meta-community concept -local communites linked by dispersal -patch dynamic view -species sorting view -mass effect view -neutral view |
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E.O. Wilson |
Theory of Island biogeography -colonization by size. Colonization curve |
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Kolter |
Factors effecting gerbil foraging rates -forage more in covered microhabitats when owls present -leave at higher seed densities (giving up rates) -predation interacts with resource competition to determine distribution and habitat separation |
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Resetarits |
Calling site choice by frogs -Males and females choose site based on species present. Avoided sunfish and spotted salamander -male and female have different choices indicating different preferences |
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Sih |
Foraging strategies and avoidance of predation -avoidance of predators is proportional to magnitude of risk -adults force smaller nstars to shallower and less productive sides.-optimal foraging rates |
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Wootton |
Nature and Consequences of indirect effects in Ecological communities -indirect effects occur when impact of species A on species B is mediated by species C -simulations models indicate that some indirect effects may stabilize multi-species assemblages |
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Bolnick |
phenotype-dependent native habitat preference facilitates divergence between parapatric lake and streams and stickleback Stickleback -adaptive divergencebalance of divergent selection and the potentially homogenizing effect of gene flow-habitat selection preferences can reduce dispersal between contrasting habitats-dispersal into non-native habitats can be phenotypically dependant-fish from lake v. stream |
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Davidson |
Grainivory in Desert -indirect mutualism-ants and rodents -when rodents gone, ants eventually leave.-rodents eat large seeds, otherwise large seed plants out compete small seed plants which the ants eat |
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Knight |
Trophic Cascades across ecosystem -fish indirectly facilitate terrestrial plant reproduction through cascading trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries. -fish eat dragonfly larvae and the adult dragonfly are reduced. Less dragonflies, more pollinators. |
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Pope |
Hyperpredation -impact of introduced trout -snakes eat amphibians. When trout introduced, snakes eat them, increase snakes and then eat more amphibians |
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cyclic succession |
occurs in special circumstances where a small number of species tend to replace each other over time |
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Space for time substitution / choronoseries |
observations of communities of known age in different locations to infer succession patterns |
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sere |
Seral community. intermediate stages of succession |
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climax |
final successional community |
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formations |
climax communities |
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Egler |
initial florist composition hypothesis -specifically concerns patterns of secondary succession and holds that succession at a site is determined largely by the species composition of plant propagules already present when the site is disturbed. |
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succession |
nearly universal phenomenon of temporal change in species composition following natural or anthropogenic disturbances. |
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Pickett and McDonnell |
Vegetative Dynamics / Plant succession |
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Primary Succession |
occurs on the sterile inorganic substrates generated by volcanism or glaciation |
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secondary succession |
occurs after disturbances disrupt established communities without completely eliminating all life |
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autogenic succession |
driven by factors within a particular community |
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allogenic succession |
driven by factors outside a particular community |
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seasonal succession |
refers to a regular annual phenology of abundance or activity that occurs without the permanent loss or addition of species from the community. |
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Sampling / Selection Effect |
Wardle + Loreau - as the number of species in a community increases, it is increasingly likely that the community will contain a species that performs the relevant aspect of ecosystem functioning particularly well |
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Complementary Effect |
Lehman -the possibility that different species may use different resources in different ways, therefore they may be able to extract more resources from a given environment |
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The Portfolio effect. insurance hypothesis |
Tilman - diversity may buffer fluctuations in ecosystem functioning over time in temporally fluctuating environments |
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paradox of enrichment |
Rozenzweig -suggests that model systems of predators and prey will become less stable as productivity increases |
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resource-ratio competition theory |
Tilman -predicts a gradual change in species composition as the ratio of resource supply rates change with increasing productivity |
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Pianka and Currie |
Latitudinal Gradients in species diversity |
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Reasons for latitudinal Gradients |
-Climate stability -climate predictiability -productivity -evolutionary time- ecological time -disturbances -spatial heterogeneity -predation -stability of primary producers |
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Paradox of the plankton |
Hutchinson -describes the situation in which a limited range of resources supports an unexpectedly wide range of species. Flouts the competitive exclusion principle |
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intermidiate disturbance hypothesis |
Connell- Reefs and Rainforests -focuses on the fact that both frequency and intensity of various kinds of abiotic disturbances would impact the patterns of diversity-disturbances prevent copetitively dominant species from excluding others |
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Costantino |
chaos in highly stage structured insect populations |
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Sutherland |
Alternate stable states in marine sessil organisms -hung tiles under dock to see differences |
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Peterson |
organisms as ecosystem engineers which cause alternate stable states -ghost shrimp vs. bivalves |
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Holyoak and Lawler |
grid experiment -showed that predator prey cycles work in grid and discrete habitat |
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Hassel |
host parasite dynamics in patchy environments lead to chaos |
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Fairweather |
Welks and recruits -welks eat all recruits. -recruits eventually lead to welks |
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Macroecology |
Brown -study of patterns that occur at the very large spatial scale |
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species acre relationship |
log of species richness against log of island area |
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Metapopulations |
Levins -collections of populations that are linked by infrequent migration between the spatially subdivided habitats that they occupy |
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Gotelli |
Habitat pateches |
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Huffaker |
predator prey cycles in patchy habitats -intraspecific aggregation or clumping can promote teh coexistence of competitors in patchy habitats |
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Werner and Gilliam |
size dependent shifts in habitat graph with size vs growth rate as well as risk vs growth rate. |
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Jared Diamond |
Incidence functions -describe the probability that a particular species will occur in a particular community given some attribute of that community |
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Checkerboard Pattern |
Diamond -the idea that squares on a checker board correspond to patches of habitat or discrete communities and each square corresponds to the presence or one ecologically similar community but never both at once |
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priority effects |
species present at an earlier time impact the other species which arrive later |
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phenology |
seasonal patterns of abundance or activity-migration |
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temporal resource partitioning |
species manage to conexcist by using the same limiting resource at different times of the year |
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Fox and Brown |
guild-filling -each guild contains 1 species before any guild contains two species |
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Assembly graph |
Warren -summarizes all of the possible transitions leading to different community compositions |
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Humpty Dumpty community states |
sets of persisting species which cannot be recreated simply by adding those species at the same time to an empty community |
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community closure |
Lundbeg-some patterns of species loss may be essentially irreversable |
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Paine |
trophic cascade-describe how top-down effects of predators could influence the abundances of speices in lower trophic levels |
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Price |
tri-trophic effects |
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Power er al |
showed a top predator- large mouth bass- had strong indirect effects that cascaded down through the food web to influence algae |
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Marquis and Whelan |
terrestrial trophic cascades. Herbivores insects and birds |
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Bottom up inderect effects |
strong evidence in streams. Wootton and Power |
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Abrams |
departure from linear food webs |
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Holt |
Apparent competition |
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higher order interatctions |
change in the ways that pairs of species interact that are caused by the presence of other species |
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trait-mediated indirect effecs |
Peacor and Wener -particular kinds of interaction modifications that result from change in the behavior or morphology of species that in turn influence their interactions with other species |
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Dether and Duggins |
Hierachy of competition amoung resources |
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indirect effect |
influence of the donor species is transmitted through a second speices, the transmitter, to the third species, the reciever |
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interaction chain indirect effects |
whne a species indirectly affects others as a consequence of change in the abundace of an intermediate transmitter species |
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interaction modifcation indirect effect |
when a donor species changes the per capitat effect of the transmitter on the reciever wihtout changing the abundance of the transmitter - a change in the herbivore per capita attack rate |
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per capita impacts |
impacts which change with the number of individuals -competition coefficients or attack rates |
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Hairston |
apparent competition, indirect mutualism, indirect commensalism -relative importance of competition and predation in regulating species. |
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Barka and Quaid |
alternatitive stable states with rock lobsters and welks |
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Huisman |
Paradox of the Plankton |
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Holomuzki |
salamander larvae vs predatortemporal shifts during night and day |
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Sebens |
habitat selection with sea anemonoes |
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Ghyben-Herzberg Lens |
rainwater percolating through an island floats on the denser salt or brackish water that permeates the base of the island |
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Oceanic Islands |
built over the oceanic plate, are volcanic or coralline formation, they are remote and have never been connected to mainland areas, from which they are separated by deep sea, and they lack indigenous land mammals and amphibians |
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Continental (shelf) Islands |
more varied geologically, containing both ancient and recent stratified rocks, they are rarely remote from a continent and always contain some land mammals and amphibians as well as representatives of the other classes and orders in considerable variety |
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Bird Classification |
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Ornithurae |
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Song Bird |
Order: Passeriformes Suborder:Passeri also suborder: tyranni |
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Woodpeckers |
Order: Pictiformes |
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Land-bridge islands |
those formerl connected to the mainland during Quaternary sea-level minima |
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Rosenzweig |
Islands typically have fewer species per unit area than mainland, and this distinction is more marked the smaller the area of the island |
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Disharmonic |
climate and biota of islands tend to be more polar than those of nearby continents, effectively islands sample only from the dispersive portion of the mainland pool |
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Dispersalists |
descendent forms are the product of chance, long-distance dispersal across a pre-existing barrier |
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vicariance biogeography |
species ranges are split up by physical barriers, often followed by speciation in the now separate populations |
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Paleo-Endemics |
Species that are endemic to an island but use to have a wider range |
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neo-endemics |
Species which are endemic to an island and evolved on that island |
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cladistics |
phylogenetic systematics which presume to supply a more objective means of quantifying the relatedness of a taxonomic group. |
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phylogenetic tree |
the simplest explanation for linkage between species |
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introgressive hybridization |
common in island lineages, the high level of genetic closeness despite a high level of morphological differences due to occasional hybridization |
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Allopatric Speciation |
Geographical speciation -barrier restricts gene flow -isolated subpopulations evolve separately for a time -they become unlike enough to be called different -often the barrier breaks down and the isolates overlap but do no breed |
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Competitive speciation |
Speciating because of new or open niches. Sympatric speciation |
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Polyploidy |
comparatively common in plants. Polyploid species have an increased or duplicated number of chromosomes |
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autopolyploid |
When the number of chromosomes double in a species creating a new species. |
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allopolyploid |
a species has chromosomes of both parents species, a crossing of lineages |
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Anagenesis |
when a progenitor species or form becomes extinct |
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Anacladogenesis |
when the progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species |
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Cladogenesis |
the progenitor is partitioned into two lines and becomes extinct in its original form |
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Genetic drift |
the chance alteration of allele frequencies from one generation to the next, which may be particularly important under sustained conditions of low population size |
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Bottleneck |
A sharp reduction in population size |
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Faunal Drift |
Barton (1989) the random sampling of species reaching an empty habitat and thus providing a novel (disharmonic) biotic environment in which the selective fores out lined earlier cause divergence into a variety of new niches |
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Allozymes |
different forms of an enzyme specified by allelic genes, i.e. by genes that occupy a particular locus. Allozyme electrophoresis has become a fairly conventional method of measuring heterozygosity levels |
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Autochthonous development hypothesis |
self-compatible hermaphrodites have more often established small populations on islands but selection for outcorssing then favors the evolution of dioecy in situ |
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dioecy |
having two sexes |
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dispersal syndrome hypothesis |
dioecious taxa may have been disproportionately more successful in colonizing the island which is why there are so many |
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pollination syndrome hypothesis |
dioecious taxa reach an island they have a better chance of establishment because of a further feature linked evolutionarily with dioecy which is that dioecy plants tend to be pollinated by generalist insects |
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enhanced survival hypothesis |
dioecism results in outbreeding, with its assumed gains in fitness, dioecious lineages may survive better than other colonists |
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growth form hypothesis |
diocism is more prevalent among trees and shrubs than herbs and wihin the island floras the proportion of perennial woody species is generally larger than for the world flora as a whole |
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parthenogenetic |
asexually reproducing |
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Two size forms common in islands |
gigantism and nanism. Big and small |
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Waif biotas |
animals which actively swim and drift |
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rafting |
passive transport on floating flossam |
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Schwaner and Sarre |
Looked into gigantism on islands by studying Australian tiger snakes on Chappell Island |
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Gigantism: Predation Hypothesis |
there is a selective release if no predation occurs. escape the window of vulnerability for smaller prey if top predators are absent |
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Gigantism : social-sxual hypothesis |
due to the usually high densities that occur among island populations, intraspecific competition among males and females selects for larger body size |
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Gigantism : Food Availability Hypothesis |
increases in the mean and variance in food supply select for Gigantism |
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island syndrome |
populations of different species and from disparate geographic areas often demonstrate similar sets of patterns once on islands |
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density compensation |
island communities have the same total population density but distributed over fewer species |
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density statis |
the overall population of the community on the island is less than that of the reference mainland system such that population sizes per species are the same as the mainland |
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taxon cycle |
the shift in species as their ranges expand and contract |
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counter-adaptation |
the evolutionary reaction of the pre existing island biota to new immigrants |
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Radiation zone |
large, high, and remote islands lying close to the edge of a group's dispersal range |
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Dynamic Equilibrium |
A stable state where species arriving at islands balances the extinction rate |
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Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography |
dynamic equilibrium of islands. |
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Species Area Curve |
S=CA^z where s is the number of species, C and z are parameters. C is dependent on species and region, z generally relates to the difficulty of reaching the habitat. A is area. Taking the log of S and Z gives a nice straight line. log-log plots |
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propagule |
the minimal number of individuals of a species capable of successfully colonizing a habitable island |
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turnover rate |
the number of species eliminated and replaced over time |
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Area per se and habitat diversity effect |
Islands or areas can be limited in the number of species they have depending on both area and how much diversity in habitat they have |
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Habitat-unit model of island biogeography |
This method includes habitat diversity, area, isolation, altitude, and other geographic factors in multiple regressions of species numbers |
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ansiodactyl |
three toes forward, one back. Perching |
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zygodactyl |
two toes forward, two toes back |
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random placement hypothesis |
if individuals are distributed at random, larger samples will contain more species |
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habitat diversity hypothesis |
the number of species is a function of the number of habitats |
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Incidence function hypothesis |
species which need large territory exist only on large islands. Species which need to escape predators only exist on small islands |
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small island effect hypothesis |
certain species cannot occur on islands below a certain size |
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small island habitat hypothesis |
small islands may be different in character because of their smallness, so that they actually possess habitats not possessed by larger islands |
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distubance hypothesis |
small islands or habitat islands suffer greater disturbance and disturbance removes species or makes sites less suitable for a portion of the species pool |
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environmental variation has a reddened spectrum |
for many environmental variables, the further apart measurements are made in space or time, the more different they will be |
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pseudoturnover |
occurs when census are incomplete so it appears that species either appear or vanish when they were always present |
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relaxation |
species going extinct due to extinction debt. More species arrive on an island then the island can maintain |
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High-S (Sedentary) |
species found only on large islands |
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supertramp |
found only on the smallest most remote islands |
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tramps |
species occurring at various levels at other islands |
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checkerboard distribution |
when two or more species have mutually exclusive but intermixed distributions (Diamond) |
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compatibility rule |
specie with too much overlap can not co-occur |
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nested distribution |
smaller insular species assemblages constitute subsets of the species found at all other sites possessing a larger number of species |
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Nicolas Gotelli |
Community Assemblages. Helped create ecosim |
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habitat island |
isolated pockets of habitat in an otherwise different or disturbed landscape |
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effective population size |
the amount of adult individuals that contribute to breeding |
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meta population |
populations which are connected by gene flow |
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peninsular effect |
isolated peninsulas can act like islands having lower diversity and richness |
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ecotone |
the boundary between two habitats
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keystone species |
A species that is so critical to the functional character of an ecosystem that its removal would cause a chain of alterations |
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Bayes Theory |
p(θ|y)=[p(y|θ)p(θ)]/p(y) |
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Bayes Theory |
P(A|B) = P(B|A)*P(A)/P(B) |
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rhat |
rhat of about 1 represents convergence |
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Brooks-Gelman-Rubin statistics |
Rhat, if it is about 1, you have convergence |
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Barbara Block |
Stanford, Ocean mega fauna, tuna, sharks, citizen science |
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Good and Matlack |
Work in Pine Barrens, areas under 10 ha may not provide enough space for species |
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serotinous |
fire dependent plants |
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MSS |
Multi Scanner System. NASA developed. Used to track landscape change |
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age structure curves |
type one, live long then die: Humans, type II, constant die rate. Type III Die young live long later, sea turtles |
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Frequentest View |
Data is repeatable randomly sampled, parameters are fixed, |
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Bayesian View |
Data are portion of a realized sample. Parameters are described, data is fixed |
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semivariogram |
describes spatial independance |