• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/332

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

332 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Georges Cuvier

French Scientist who widely wrote about extinction and made it a popular topic. Did not believe in evolution or NS. Foundational to Vertebrate Biology

Elizabeth Kolbert

Professor at Williams College, author of The Sixth Extinction and Field Notes From a Catastrophe. Popular Science.

Carl Akeley

1910s. Conservation Biologist working with great apes. Better ways to study than shooting for museum specimen.

Gretchen Daily

Stanford. Environmental Sciencist. Future dynamics of biodiversity change. Looking at the fates of population in the "countryside" as the world is expanding. Land Use information.

Jane Lubchenco

Started work in tidal zones. Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. Community development and persistence in low rocky intertidal zone. The paper looks at the factors controlling development and distribution in tidal zones. Looked at predator interactions and removal of predators and herbivores

Jane Goodall

Expert on chimpanzees. Especially famous for popularizing conservation. 55 year study of social and family interactions in Gombe Stream National Park

Monica Turner

University of Wisconsin-Madison. Work in Yellowstone National Park after 1988 fire. Fire ecology and modelings of landscape ecology including predictions of species movements after disturbances

Pamela Matson

Originally worked at NASA. Looked into the impact of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest with emphasis on how pollution impacted the environment.

Thomas Lovejoy

George Mason University. Started Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil in 1979. Looks at impact of size and fragmentation on forests.

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project

BDFFP- Born from SLOSS debate. Single large or several small reserves of equal area. Brazil incentivized farming as long as half the land was protected. Lovejoy used this to set up experimental forest fragments of differing size.

Jared Diamond

Ruled that in the SLOSS debate, one larger protected area is preferable to several smaller protected areas. This was based off MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography.

SLOSS Literature

Single large or several small. The idea was behind reserve design and largely driven by the species area relationship.

Sallie Chisholm

MIT. Looked into the impact of how marine plankton play a roll in their ecosystem. Especially how they influence productivity and intake carbon.

Miles Silman

Wake Forest. Manu National Park in Peru. Forest plots along different elevations. Each plot thus has a different average temperature. Looks at the migration of trees over time. Lots of climate change implications.

eustatic changes

changes in sea level because volume of water in the sea changes. i.e. glaciation

Three Reef Types

Fringing, barrier, and atolls

Fringing Reef

Around the shore of island. Transitions to barrier reef

Barrier Reef

Body of water between the shore and reef

Atoll

The remaining reef after the land mas is gone

Anthrome

An anthropogenic biome. Describe the terrestrial biosphere in contemporary, human altered form using global ecosystem units defined by global patterns of sustained direct human interaction.

Erle Ellis

Putting People in the Map: Anthropogenic Biomes of the World. Looked at how land use is heavily influenced by people and how this influences the ecosystems.

Whittake's Biome

Classified using precipitation and temperature.

Classified using precipitation and temperature.

Makatea

Young islands formed by volcanoes and raised reefs

sympatric speciation

Occurs when species are in a group together but diverge. Exploiting new habitat or food sources

Allopatric speciation

Occurs when species are seperated by a physical boundary

Parapatric speciation

caused by a change in habitat that results in behavioral or temporal mating isolation

Six Mass Extinctions

1. K-Pg/K-T Cretaceous-Paleogen or Tertiary 66ma


2. Triassic-Jurassic 201ma


3. Permian-Triassic - 96% of species 252ma


4. Late Devonian- 375 ma


5. Ordovicaian-Silurian- 450ma

Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction

66ma. Caused by impact of meteor. Death of all dinosaurs and ammonites

Triassic-Jurassic Extinction

201ma. 75% of species gone. Many large non-dinosaurian archosaurs went extinct

Permian-Triassic Extinctioneven

252ma. Earths largest extinction. Trilobite gone.

Late Devonian Extinction

375-360ma.

Ordovician-Solurian Extrinction Events

450-440ma

Geographic Regions of New Jersey

Kittatinny Mts, Kittatinny Valley, Highlands, Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain
Pine Barrens, Outer Coastal Plain

Kittatinny Mts, Kittatinny Valley, Highlands, Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain


Pine Barrens, Outer Coastal Plain

NJ Ridge and Valley

Part of the Kittatinny Mountains, bounded by unconformity between cambrian and precambrian formations. Has limestone deposits

NJ Highlands

Composed primarily of precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock running from the Delaware river. Northern half is glaciated.

NJ Piedmont

Sediment-filled fit basin. Most densely populated area of New Jersey

NJ Inner Coastal Plain

Lowlands and rolling hills underlain by cretaceous deposits. Loamy soils make this region ideal for agriculture.

NJ Outer Coastal Plain

Unconsolidated Tertiary deposits of sand, silt, and gravels. Includes the pine barrens and salt marshes.

Earth History Timeline

Hadean Eon(4600-4000ma) Formation of Earth and Moon


Archean Eon(4000-2500ma) Earths Crust Cools


Paleoarchean Era (3600-3200 ma) formation of cyanobacteria. First Oxygen producing


Siderian Period-Oxygen starts poisoning cells


Rhyacian Period- Mitochondria appear


Orosirian Period- higher O2


Statherian Period- complex single celled life appears


Calymmain Period- Photosynthetic organisms thrive. Eukaryotic cells appear


Ectasian Period- Red and Green Algae thrive


Stenian Period- origin of sexual reproduction


Tonian Period- Multicellular organisms appear


Cryogenian Period- Snowball Earth Hypothesis. Lots of die off


Vendian Period- jellyfish, and other soft bodied organisms


Cambrian Period- multicellular life, lots of animals


Ordovician Period- diverse mariane invertebrates such as trilobites, plants and fungi on land, Mass extinction


Silurian Period- earths climate stable, insects and plants on land


Devonian Period- Tiktaalik 375ma, Mass extinction


Carboniferous Period- large primative trees, oxygen increases


Perimian Period- Earth is cold and dry. Conifers first appear. Permian-Triassic Extinction occurs


Triassic Period- reptiles populate the land, Pangaea starts to break up, split between dinosaurs and lizards. Mass extiction


Jurassic Period- Age of dinosaurs, flying reptiles, Meteor Kills everyone off. Archaeopteryx.


Cretaceous Period- flowering plants, lotsof single celled organisms, first birds, KT Extinction


Tertiary Period- Flowering plants wide-spread, social insects, lots of mammals


Neogene Period- First hominins


Quaternary Period- Human evolution. We are currently in the Holocene Epoch but some argue for calling it the Anthropocene



Archaeopteryx

First Bird, transitional between non-avian feathered dinosaurs and modern birds.

Hudson

1998-clear evidence of the oscillations in a population driven by predator (pathogen)-red grouse and nematode-removing the nematode broke the cycle

Packer

2000-Black Cherry Seedlings and soil fungus-Testing Janzen-Connel Hypothesis-Host specific soil predators regulate tree diversity by increasing spacing

Holt

1994-competition for enemy free space among groups-highlight lack of contingent ecological theory-attacks basis of shared generalist predators-bio control and disease implications

Post, Pace, Hairston Jr.

2000-Lakes in NY-Food chain length as function of productivity vs. ecosystem size-used isotopes-size is more important than productivity

Finke

2004-predators weaken / dampens trophic cascades-arthropods in NY-increasing diversity increases interguild effects

Young et al

2013-Palmyra Atoll geckos, rats, and insects-food chain length as function of productivity vs ecosystem size-productivity more important than size-may be differences between marine and terrestrial systems

Paine

1966-suggests local spp diversity is related to number of predators that can keep the local species community from becoming a monoculture-cites tropics high diversity of carnivores due to this

Lubchenco

1978-low and high predator #s yield low algae diversity-medium # yield high diversity

Addicott

1974-Mosquito larvae in pitcher plants-testing whether predator presence promotes prey evenness-concludes it does not-# of spp decreases at high predator density

Kerr et. al

2002-Model and plate innoculation could see "chasing" another example of non-equilibrium dynamics enabling coexistence, "rock-paper-scissors" relationship-e. coli-scale at which disturbances appear




Example of Non-Steady State Equilibrium

Tilman

1977-Asterionella and Cyclotella follow the Menod-Tilman model of competition-R*-Astrionella is dominant when both spp are phosphate limited-cycotella when both silicate limited-Coexist only when different resources limit

Hairston

1980-removes p.jordoni salamader from plots, show increase in P. glutinosus.-removing P. glutinosus shows that increased proportion of young-each spp impact the carry capacity of the other-HSS hypothesis into four categories

Huisman and Weissing

-non equilibrium dynamics explain maintance of diversity even with few limiting resources, referred to as the " paradox of the plankton"-Also shows that competioin is not necessarily destructive

Connell

1961-Barnacle vs. Barnacle-snail regulated-testing what factors affect barnacle distribution-Dessication, predation, comp all impact-Balanus barnacles crush and undercut smaller Cthamlus-Snails control, interspecific not as important

Schoener

1983-defines 6 types of competition using 164 studies


-Park (1962) not good terms (two types)-different forms of competition dominant in different systems.

Silliman and Newell

2003-Studied fungus and snails in Spartina marshes


-Snails radulated Spartina blades to allow fungus to grow-fugus eaten by snails-example of farming in marine environment

Winfree et al.

2014-abundance, not connectivity, drives food web stablility in mutualist food webs

Bertness and Callaway

1994-smiley face graph


-positive interactions are less observed than negative ones


-at small scales, often pos. interactions look like negative ones


-sometimes positive interactions are negative when a predator is not present (buttercups and grass)

Clements

1916


-first community ecologist focused on identifying and listing species at a given location

Whittaker

1975


community: assemblage of populations of plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that live in an environment and interact with one another. Form a distinct living system


-stressed proximity and interactions

Community Types

-physical


-taxonomical


-interactively


-statistically

physical community

assemblages of species found in a particular place or habitat

Taxonomical community

recognized by the presence of one or more conspicious species that either dominate that community through sheer biomass or otherwise contribute importantly to physical attributes of the community

Statistical community

consists of sets of speceis whose abundances are significantly conrrerlated, positively, negatively, or over space and time


-makes use of overall pattersn-geometric space of S axis each which represent a different species


-good for distinguishing communities with similar number of species

Interactive community

consists of those subjects of species in a particular place or habitat whoes interatctions significantly influence their abundance

Shannon Index of Richness

H equals sigma 1:R of pi*ln(pi) where pi is the ith species

Evenness

J


-observed richness over possible max


-1 is very even, 0 is not

Simpsons Diversity Index

D (or Lambda) is 1-sigma (pi)^2 where p is species and i is the ith species

Dilution effect hypothesis

the incidence and transmission of a pathogen will be lower in communites with a high diversity than in lower diversity communites

Consumptive Competition

Brown and Davidson-eat all of a shared resource

Pre-Emption

Connell 1961-normally sessle organisms-occupy all of a space first

Overgrowth

Chapman 1945


-overgrowing-moss, coral

Chemical Interactions

Muller 1964-Allelopathy-chemicals damage or prevent growth

Territoriality

Sale 1980


-establishing territory to block resource use

Encounter

Hassell 1978


-Encountier messes with individuals


-they get flustered-parasitiod wasps

Monod

R*


mu=mu(max) *[S/(K(s)+S)]


where mu is growth


S is S is substrate


K is half velocity constant

Grinnell

1914


Used the term nich for first time

Competitive exclusion principle

Hardin 1960


-complete competitors cannot coexist-emphasizes importance of differences among species

Resource Utilization Niche

MacArthur


-operational approach which focuses on consumable resources

Hutchinsonian Niche

the range of physical and biological conditions including limiting resources needed for a species to maintain stable population size


-N dimensional hypervolume

Jefferies and Lawton

1984


-enemy free space niche aspect. Added to Elton's Niche idea

Apparent Competition

Holt. Similar spcies help support larger predator populations causing problems for both

Connell

1961


interspecific competition among marine animals (barnacles)

Liebig

Law of the Minimus R*

Charles Elton

Animal Ecology


His name is associated with the establishment of modern population and community ecology, including studies of invasive organisms.

guild

collection of species that use similar resources in similar ways. No taxonomical restrictions

taxocene

set of texonomically related species within a community

functional group

collection of species that are all engaged in some similar ecological process

trophic levels

subsets of species wthini communities that acquire energy in similar ways

ecosystem

consists of one or more communites together with abiotic surroundings

Alpha Diversity

Local diversity found within a single type of habitat

beta diversity

change or tunrover in species composition among different habitats. Gamma - alpha

Gamma diversity

Regional Diversity. Total of Betas or all alphas

Amensalism

Minus one, zero for the other

Character Displacement

difference in morphology of ecologically similar species are greater sympatry than allopatry. Uses interspecific difference in morphology or resource use to infer possible competion

Homologous Feature

Similar in origin. Common or recent ancestor. Not necessarily the same function

Analogous Feature

Different in origin but similar in function

Vestigial Feature

Structure that serve no use or no longer serve the original use in the organism

Rules of Natural Selection

-Heritable differences must exist in every population


-Competition between for resources


-traits must offer advantage


-individuals must produce more offspring then will survive.



Stabilizing Selection.

Holds a trait stable. Increases one trait

Directional Selection

Moves a trait in a given direct

Disruptive Selection

Splits a trait into multiple different traits

Gamete

the reproductive cells

Zygote

Fertilized Cell

exploitative competition

operates indirectly by the deleption of some shared resource

Character Displacement

differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but minimized or lost where the species distribution does not overlap. Example of dealing with competition.

descriptive models

literally describe how teh abundance of one species affects the abundace of another without specifically including a particualr competitve mechanism

Mechanistic models

explicitly includes information about the mechanism responsible for teh effects of one species on another

locally stable population size

N*. If moved goes back to N*

Globally stable

implies that a system will return to the equilibrium point for any initial value

priority effect

intial conditions determine the outcome of an interaction

Neighborhood Models

mostly used with plants to describe intraspecific and interspecific competition based on how plants respond to variation in the abundance of their immediate neighbors.

Eltonian niche

an organisms functional role in its community, its relation to food and enemies

Niche partitioning

how ecologically similar species differ in their use of resource inversely, studying species that fail to coexist can illuminate what aspects of resource use

Competitive Exclusion principle

Hardin- Complete competitiors cannot coexist

Fundamental niche

preinteractive niche: corresponds to the conditions that the species can persist in ideally

Realized/ interactive niche

corresponds to the actual conditions the species are found in

Diffuse competition

occurs when ther are many species acting as a restraint on the realized niche of a species. Many species act as a strong competitor

enemy free space

set of conditions, not physical location, that minimizes the impact of predators

density dependent competition experiment

hold the intial density of a responding species constant while varying competitor density

replacement series design

study frequency-dependant competition. Study intraspecific competition

asymetrics competition

occurs when species differ in the intensity of their intrapsecific per capita competitive effects

keystone species

helps to maintain a high biodiversity by feeding on a predator that would otherwise competitively exclude the other species present. Pisaster in the rocky intertidal zone

Trophic cascade

when a change in the abudnance of one species in a food chain or food web impacts others

Janzen-Connell Hypothesis

1970 and 1971


-an explanation for the high diversity and over dispersed spatial distribution of tress in tropics.SPECIES SPECIFIC PREDATORS ARE AT HIGHEST DENSITIES AROUND TREES THAT PRODUCE LARGE NUMBER OF SEEDS, thus closer to tree, higher death

inducible defenses

a response, by prey, to the threat of predation through a developmental change in some of the characteristics that affect the prey’s susceptibility to particular predator species. These are a particularly striking example of phenotypic plasticity

constitutive defenses

defense that becomes permanent because the threat of predation is high and constant

Errington's Hypothesis

idea that predators often have little actual impact on total prey abundances mostly because consume prey are those unfortunate individuals that are unable to secure safe territories or refuges from predators. Predator free spaces regular more than predators

HSS

Why the World is Green: Applies only to terrestrial communites. Assumes terrestrial communites are broadly divided into four categories. Primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, and detritivoes. Primary producers are limited by competition. Herbivores not limited by food but predation. They do not eat the world bare. Predators limited by food avaliability. Detritovers food limited

Functional Response

per capital consumption rate of predators on a given density of prey

Neutral stability

a dynamic of the lotka volterra model. Pertubations do not tend to grow in size over time

Ratio-dependatn models

models that include term accounting for ratio of abundances of predators and prey

SIR MODEL

Disease models of infections. Susceptible, infected, resistant

Pyramid of numbers

Eltonian Pyramid: small organisms at the base of the food chain are more numerous than their larger predators and so on up through the remainder of the food chain. There are exceptions

Ecological efficieincy

a measure of the fraction of energy entering one trophic level that is passed on to the next. about 5-15 %

Source Web

describes the feeding relations among species that arise from a single initial food source.

Sink web

describes all of the feeding relations that lead to a set of species consumed by a single top predator. the sink

community web

in theory it describes it all

links

directed describes net effect. undirected does not

linkage density

Links over species. How linked the webs are

compartmentation

referes to the extent to which a food web contains relatively isolated subwebs that are richly connected

Omnivory

occurs when species feed on prey located in more than one trophic level

Life History omnivory

occurs when different life stages or size classes of an organism feed on two different trophic levles

Cycle

occurs if each of a pair of species eats the other

loop

long multi species cycle

paradox of enrichment

idea that communites can become more unstable at higher nutriet levels and thus extinction may occur. Big booms of predators followed by crash

return time

time it takes a system to return to equilibrium

elaisomes

seed part for ant

predator escape hypothesis

suggests that seeds falling near the parent plant have a higher risk of mortality than do seeds dispersed far from the parent plant.

non-equilibrium colonization hypothesis

assumes that optimal locations for seedling establishment are constantly shifting in time and space. Current location of parent seed source poor predictor of good site for seedling

David Wake

University of California Berkeley- Looked into the loss of amphibians due to chytrid fungus. One of the people to call into attention the potential sixth extinction.

Fukami and Morin

Productivity - biodiversity relationship is dependent on the history of the community. Used aquatic microbes and had several relationship curves as a result

Bard

Secondary Succession on the Piedmont of NJ

Scherber

plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of ominvoryplant diversity has strong bottom up effect

Tilman

Diversity is always greater biomass and nutrient cycling than monoculture.

Wardle

Island Area on Ecosystem properties. Larger islands have more diversity but also have more disturbances due to fires caused by lightining

Meiners

Native and Exotic plants tend to act the same way (used HMF). The biggest differences are from life form.

Cardinale

Biodiversity impact on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems-decreased abundance decreases biomass-diverse communities often dominated by one highly productive species

Duffy

Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in sea grass beds-system is very complex. Increasing grazers tends to decrease biomass of seagrass except for in very specific conditions.

Loreau

Diversity v productivity curve

Connell

Reefs and Rainforests-non-equilibrium stablewould go to low diversity if they did not have disturbances but both reefs and rain forests have a lot of disturbances. Bell curve shape

Wright

Evolution faster in tropical climates-evolutionary clock-twice the molecular rate of change due to increased productivity

Why More Biodiversity in the Tropics

Mid-Domain Effect: Colwell, there is the most overlap in species range in tropics


Geographical Area Hypothesis: The tropics are the largest biome and that large tropical areas can support the most species


Species-energy hypothesis: the amount of available energy sets limits to the richness of the system. Tropics have lots of solar energy


Climate Harshness Hypothesis: Fewer species can survive conditions at higher latitudes


Climate stability hypothesis: climate is more stable, easier to adapt to


Historical Perturbation Hypothesis: low species richness of higher latitudes is a consequence of less time after glaciation.


Evolutionary Rate Hypothesis: evolutionary rate is higher in the tropics due to higher temperatures and shorter generation times



Tewksbury

Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions


-corridors increase genetic exchange


-made sure that the increase was not just due to increased area from adding corridor

Sousa

Disturbances in marine boulder fields


-non-equilirbrium


-species diversity-sessile organisms get crushed allowing more to move in

Scheffer

Alternative stable-state floating plant masses. Plant masses come in and make it harder to shift back. self stablizing. Hysteresis

Hysteresis

the change in energy needed to restore a system to an alternate stable state

Rhode

latitudinal gradients of diversity

Holyoak + Lawler

Persistence of an Extinction Prone Predator Prey Cycle


-protist predator prey systems-bottles connected by passages


-equal volume single bottles as control


-asynchronus cycles allow for persistance

Leibold

Meta-community concept


-local communites linked by dispersal


-patch dynamic view


-species sorting view


-mass effect view


-neutral view

E.O. Wilson

Theory of Island biogeography


-colonization by size. Colonization curve

Kolter

Factors effecting gerbil foraging rates


-forage more in covered microhabitats when owls present


-leave at higher seed densities (giving up rates)


-predation interacts with resource competition to determine distribution and habitat separation

Resetarits

Calling site choice by frogs


-Males and females choose site based on species present. Avoided sunfish and spotted salamander


-male and female have different choices indicating different preferences

Sih

Foraging strategies and avoidance of predation


-avoidance of predators is proportional to magnitude of risk


-adults force smaller nstars to shallower and less productive sides.-optimal foraging rates

Wootton

Nature and Consequences of indirect effects in Ecological communities


-indirect effects occur when impact of species A on species B is mediated by species C


-simulations models indicate that some indirect effects may stabilize multi-species assemblages

Bolnick

phenotype-dependent native habitat preference facilitates divergence between parapatric lake and streams and stickleback




Stickleback


-adaptive divergencebalance of divergent selection and the potentially homogenizing effect of gene flow-habitat selection preferences can reduce dispersal between contrasting habitats-dispersal into non-native habitats can be phenotypically dependant-fish from lake v. stream

Davidson

Grainivory in Desert


-indirect mutualism-ants and rodents


-when rodents gone, ants eventually leave.-rodents eat large seeds, otherwise large seed plants out compete small seed plants which the ants eat

Knight

Trophic Cascades across ecosystem


-fish indirectly facilitate terrestrial plant reproduction through cascading trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries.


-fish eat dragonfly larvae and the adult dragonfly are reduced. Less dragonflies, more pollinators.

Pope

Hyperpredation


-impact of introduced trout


-snakes eat amphibians. When trout introduced, snakes eat them, increase snakes and then eat more amphibians

cyclic succession

occurs in special circumstances where a small number of species tend to replace each other over time

Space for time substitution / choronoseries

observations of communities of known age in different locations to infer succession patterns

sere

Seral community. intermediate stages of succession

climax

final successional community

formations

climax communities

Egler

initial florist composition hypothesis


-specifically concerns patterns of secondary succession and holds that succession at a site is determined largely by the species composition of plant propagules already present when the site is disturbed.

succession

nearly universal phenomenon of temporal change in species composition following natural or anthropogenic disturbances.

Pickett and McDonnell

Vegetative Dynamics / Plant succession

Primary Succession

occurs on the sterile inorganic substrates generated by volcanism or glaciation

secondary succession

occurs after disturbances disrupt established communities without completely eliminating all life

autogenic succession

driven by factors within a particular community

allogenic succession

driven by factors outside a particular community

seasonal succession

refers to a regular annual phenology of abundance or activity that occurs without the permanent loss or addition of species from the community.

Sampling / Selection Effect

Wardle + Loreau




- as the number of species in a community increases, it is increasingly likely that the community will contain a species that performs the relevant aspect of ecosystem functioning particularly well

Complementary Effect

Lehman


-the possibility that different species may use different resources in different ways, therefore they may be able to extract more resources from a given environment

The Portfolio effect. insurance hypothesis

Tilman


- diversity may buffer fluctuations in ecosystem functioning over time in temporally fluctuating environments

paradox of enrichment

Rozenzweig


-suggests that model systems of predators and prey will become less stable as productivity increases

resource-ratio competition theory

Tilman


-predicts a gradual change in species composition as the ratio of resource supply rates change with increasing productivity

Pianka and Currie

Latitudinal Gradients in species diversity

Reasons for latitudinal Gradients

-Climate stability


-climate predictiability


-productivity


-evolutionary time-


ecological time


-disturbances


-spatial heterogeneity


-predation


-stability of primary producers

Paradox of the plankton

Hutchinson


-describes the situation in which a limited range of resources supports an unexpectedly wide range of species. Flouts the competitive exclusion principle

intermidiate disturbance hypothesis

Connell- Reefs and Rainforests




-focuses on the fact that both frequency and intensity of various kinds of abiotic disturbances would impact the patterns of diversity-disturbances prevent copetitively dominant species from excluding others

Costantino

chaos in highly stage structured insect populations

Sutherland

Alternate stable states in marine sessil organisms


-hung tiles under dock to see differences

Peterson

organisms as ecosystem engineers which cause alternate stable states


-ghost shrimp vs. bivalves

Holyoak and Lawler

grid experiment


-showed that predator prey cycles work in grid and discrete habitat

Hassel

host parasite dynamics in patchy environments lead to chaos

Fairweather

Welks and recruits


-welks eat all recruits.


-recruits eventually lead to welks

Macroecology

Brown


-study of patterns that occur at the very large spatial scale

species acre relationship

log of species richness against log of island area

Metapopulations

Levins


-collections of populations that are linked by infrequent migration between the spatially subdivided habitats that they occupy

Gotelli

Habitat pateches

Huffaker

predator prey cycles in patchy habitats


-intraspecific aggregation or clumping can promote teh coexistence of competitors in patchy habitats

Werner and Gilliam

size dependent shifts in habitat




graph with size vs growth rate as well as risk vs growth rate.

Jared Diamond

Incidence functions


-describe the probability that a particular species will occur in a particular community given some attribute of that community

Checkerboard Pattern

Diamond


-the idea that squares on a checker board correspond to patches of habitat or discrete communities and each square corresponds to the presence or one ecologically similar community but never both at once

priority effects

species present at an earlier time impact the other species which arrive later

phenology

seasonal patterns of abundance or activity-migration

temporal resource partitioning

species manage to conexcist by using the same limiting resource at different times of the year

Fox and Brown

guild-filling


-each guild contains 1 species before any guild contains two species

Assembly graph

Warren


-summarizes all of the possible transitions leading to different community compositions

Humpty Dumpty community states

sets of persisting species which cannot be recreated simply by adding those species at the same time to an empty community

community closure

Lundbeg-some patterns of species loss may be essentially irreversable

Paine

trophic cascade-describe how top-down effects of predators could influence the abundances of speices in lower trophic levels

Price

tri-trophic effects

Power er al

showed a top predator- large mouth bass- had strong indirect effects that cascaded down through the food web to influence algae

Marquis and Whelan

terrestrial trophic cascades. Herbivores insects and birds

Bottom up inderect effects

strong evidence in streams. Wootton and Power

Abrams

departure from linear food webs

Holt

Apparent competition

higher order interatctions

change in the ways that pairs of species interact that are caused by the presence of other species

trait-mediated indirect effecs

Peacor and Wener


-particular kinds of interaction modifications that result from change in the behavior or morphology of species that in turn influence their interactions with other species

Dether and Duggins

Hierachy of competition amoung resources

indirect effect

influence of the donor species is transmitted through a second speices, the transmitter, to the third species, the reciever

interaction chain indirect effects

whne a species indirectly affects others as a consequence of change in the abundace of an intermediate transmitter species

interaction modifcation indirect effect

when a donor species changes the per capitat effect of the transmitter on the reciever wihtout changing the abundance of the transmitter


- a change in the herbivore per capita attack rate

per capita impacts

impacts which change with the number of individuals


-competition coefficients or attack rates

Hairston

apparent competition, indirect mutualism, indirect commensalism


-relative importance of competition and predation in regulating species.

Barka and Quaid

alternatitive stable states with rock lobsters and welks

Huisman

Paradox of the Plankton

Holomuzki

salamander larvae vs predatortemporal shifts during night and day

Sebens

habitat selection with sea anemonoes

Ghyben-Herzberg Lens

rainwater percolating through an island floats on the denser salt or brackish water that permeates the base of the island

Oceanic Islands

built over the oceanic plate, are volcanic or coralline formation, they are remote and have never been connected to mainland areas, from which they are separated by deep sea, and they lack indigenous land mammals and amphibians

Continental (shelf) Islands

more varied geologically, containing both ancient and recent stratified rocks, they are rarely remote from a continent and always contain some land mammals and amphibians as well as representatives of the other classes and orders in considerable variety

Bird Classification

Kingdom: Animalia


Phylum: Chordata


Clade: Ornithurae
Class: Aves



Song Bird

Order: Passeriformes


Suborder:Passeri


also


suborder: tyranni



Woodpeckers

Order: Pictiformes

Land-bridge islands

those formerl connected to the mainland during Quaternary sea-level minima

Rosenzweig

Islands typically have fewer species per unit area than mainland, and this distinction is more marked the smaller the area of the island

Disharmonic

climate and biota of islands tend to be more polar than those of nearby continents, effectively islands sample only from the dispersive portion of the mainland pool

Dispersalists

descendent forms are the product of chance, long-distance dispersal across a pre-existing barrier

vicariance biogeography

species ranges are split up by physical barriers, often followed by speciation in the now separate populations

Paleo-Endemics

Species that are endemic to an island but use to have a wider range

neo-endemics

Species which are endemic to an island and evolved on that island

cladistics

phylogenetic systematics which presume to supply a more objective means of quantifying the relatedness of a taxonomic group.

phylogenetic tree

the simplest explanation for linkage between species

introgressive hybridization

common in island lineages, the high level of genetic closeness despite a high level of morphological differences due to occasional hybridization

Allopatric Speciation

Geographical speciation


-barrier restricts gene flow


-isolated subpopulations evolve separately for a time


-they become unlike enough to be called different


-often the barrier breaks down and the isolates overlap but do no breed

Competitive speciation

Speciating because of new or open niches. Sympatric speciation

Polyploidy

comparatively common in plants. Polyploid species have an increased or duplicated number of chromosomes



autopolyploid

When the number of chromosomes double in a species creating a new species.

allopolyploid

a species has chromosomes of both parents species, a crossing of lineages

Anagenesis

when a progenitor species or form becomes extinct

Anacladogenesis

when the progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species

Cladogenesis

the progenitor is partitioned into two lines and becomes extinct in its original form

Genetic drift

the chance alteration of allele frequencies from one generation to the next, which may be particularly important under sustained conditions of low population size

Bottleneck

A sharp reduction in population size

Faunal Drift

Barton (1989) the random sampling of species reaching an empty habitat and thus providing a novel (disharmonic) biotic environment in which the selective fores out lined earlier cause divergence into a variety of new niches

Allozymes

different forms of an enzyme specified by allelic genes, i.e. by genes that occupy a particular locus. Allozyme electrophoresis has become a fairly conventional method of measuring heterozygosity levels

Autochthonous development hypothesis

self-compatible hermaphrodites have more often established small populations on islands but selection for outcorssing then favors the evolution of dioecy in situ

dioecy

having two sexes

dispersal syndrome hypothesis

dioecious taxa may have been disproportionately more successful in colonizing the island which is why there are so many

pollination syndrome hypothesis

dioecious taxa reach an island they have a better chance of establishment because of a further feature linked evolutionarily with dioecy which is that dioecy plants tend to be pollinated by generalist insects

enhanced survival hypothesis

dioecism results in outbreeding, with its assumed gains in fitness, dioecious lineages may survive better than other colonists

growth form hypothesis

diocism is more prevalent among trees and shrubs than herbs and wihin the island floras the proportion of perennial woody species is generally larger than for the world flora as a whole

parthenogenetic

asexually reproducing

Two size forms common in islands

gigantism and nanism. Big and small

Waif biotas

animals which actively swim and drift

rafting

passive transport on floating flossam

Schwaner and Sarre

Looked into gigantism on islands by studying Australian tiger snakes on Chappell Island

Gigantism: Predation Hypothesis

there is a selective release if no predation occurs. escape the window of vulnerability for smaller prey if top predators are absent

Gigantism : social-sxual hypothesis

due to the usually high densities that occur among island populations, intraspecific competition among males and females selects for larger body size

Gigantism : Food Availability Hypothesis

increases in the mean and variance in food supply select for Gigantism

island syndrome

populations of different species and from disparate geographic areas often demonstrate similar sets of patterns once on islands

density compensation

island communities have the same total population density but distributed over fewer species

density statis

the overall population of the community on the island is less than that of the reference mainland system such that population sizes per species are the same as the mainland

taxon cycle

the shift in species as their ranges expand and contract

counter-adaptation

the evolutionary reaction of the pre existing island biota to new immigrants

Radiation zone

large, high, and remote islands lying close to the edge of a group's dispersal range

Dynamic Equilibrium

A stable state where species arriving at islands balances the extinction rate

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

dynamic equilibrium of islands.

dynamic equilibrium of islands.

Species Area Curve

S=CA^z where s is the number of species, C and z are parameters. C is dependent on species and region, z generally relates to the difficulty of reaching the habitat. A is area. Taking the log of S and Z gives a nice straight line. log-log plots

propagule

the minimal number of individuals of a species capable of successfully colonizing a habitable island

turnover rate

the number of species eliminated and replaced over time

Area per se and habitat diversity effect

Islands or areas can be limited in the number of species they have depending on both area and how much diversity in habitat they have

Habitat-unit model of island biogeography

This method includes habitat diversity, area, isolation, altitude, and other geographic factors in multiple regressions of species numbers

ansiodactyl

three toes forward, one back. Perching

zygodactyl

two toes forward, two toes back

random placement hypothesis

if individuals are distributed at random, larger samples will contain more species

habitat diversity hypothesis

the number of species is a function of the number of habitats

Incidence function hypothesis

species which need large territory exist only on large islands. Species which need to escape predators only exist on small islands

small island effect hypothesis

certain species cannot occur on islands below a certain size

small island habitat hypothesis

small islands may be different in character because of their smallness, so that they actually possess habitats not possessed by larger islands

distubance hypothesis

small islands or habitat islands suffer greater disturbance and disturbance removes species or makes sites less suitable for a portion of the species pool

environmental variation has a reddened spectrum

for many environmental variables, the further apart measurements are made in space or time, the more different they will be

pseudoturnover

occurs when census are incomplete so it appears that species either appear or vanish when they were always present

relaxation

species going extinct due to extinction debt. More species arrive on an island then the island can maintain

High-S (Sedentary)

species found only on large islands

supertramp

found only on the smallest most remote islands

tramps

species occurring at various levels at other islands

checkerboard distribution

when two or more species have mutually exclusive but intermixed distributions (Diamond)

compatibility rule

specie with too much overlap can not co-occur

nested distribution

smaller insular species assemblages constitute subsets of the species found at all other sites possessing a larger number of species

Nicolas Gotelli

Community Assemblages. Helped create ecosim

habitat island

isolated pockets of habitat in an otherwise different or disturbed landscape

effective population size

the amount of adult individuals that contribute to breeding

meta population

populations which are connected by gene flow

peninsular effect

isolated peninsulas can act like islands having lower diversity and richness

ecotone

the boundary between two habitats

keystone species

A species that is so critical to the functional character of an ecosystem that its removal would cause a chain of alterations

Bayes Theory

p(θ|y)=[p(y|θ)p(θ)]/p(y)

Bayes Theory

P(A|B) = P(B|A)*P(A)/P(B)

rhat

rhat of about 1 represents convergence

Brooks-Gelman-Rubin statistics

Rhat, if it is about 1, you have convergence

Barbara Block

Stanford, Ocean mega fauna, tuna, sharks, citizen science

Good and Matlack

Work in Pine Barrens, areas under 10 ha may not provide enough space for species

serotinous

fire dependent plants

MSS

Multi Scanner System. NASA developed. Used to track landscape change

age structure curves

type one, live long then die: Humans, type II, constant die rate. Type III Die young live long later, sea turtles

Frequentest View

Data is repeatable randomly sampled, parameters are fixed,

Bayesian View

Data are portion of a realized sample. Parameters are described, data is fixed

semivariogram

describes spatial independance