Q/a Thorax

Front 1

of what does the bony thorax consist

Back 1

thorasic vertebrae, ribs and sternum

Front 2

with what cavities is the bony thorax associated

Back 2

whole thorasic cavity (2 pleural cavities) and intrathorasic part of abdomen

Front 3

what is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs

Back 3

intercostal space (ICS)

Front 4

list the three ways costal cartilage can terminate

Back 4

connect to sternum, or costal arch, or end free

Front 5

what part of the rib articulates with contiguous thorasic vertebrae

Back 5

head of rib

Front 6

With what does the tubercle of rib articulate

Back 6

trasverse proces of same numbered rib

Front 7

what do the costal catilages of the last sternal and all asternal ribs form

Back 7

costal arch

Front 8

what are the unpaired bones making the floor of the bony thorax

Back 8

sternebrae

Front 9

what are the first and last sternebrae

Back 9

manubrium and xiphoid respectively

Front 10

what is the caudal projection of the last sternebrae

Back 10

xyphoid process

Front 11

what caps the xyphoid process

Back 11

xiphoid cartilage

Front 12

how is inspiration accomplished

Back 12

size of thorax increases and pressure decreases = air rushes in

Front 13

what is the main respiratory muscle

Back 13

diaphragm

Front 14

name the 2 muscles extending between adjacent ribs

Back 14

external and internal intercostal mm.

Front 15

what is the opening to the thorax

Back 15

thorasic inlet

Front 16

what palpable structure is formed by the costal artilages of the false ribs

Back 16

costal arch

Front 17

what divides the thorax into two spaces

Back 17

mediastinum

Front 18

where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity

Back 18

3rd to 6th intercostal space in the bottom 2/3rds of cavity

Front 19

what covers the trachea in the cranial neck

Back 19

strap muscles (sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus)

Front 20

what part of the trachea splits into right and left pulmonary bronchii

Back 20

tracheal bifrcation

Front 21

list the lobes of the lung

Back 21

left: cranial and caudal
right: cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

Front 22

what brings oxegenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Back 22

pulmonary vein

Front 23

what artery supplies the tissue of the lungs

Back 23

bronchoesophogeal artery

Front 24

what seperates the lobes of the lung

Back 24

interlobar fissures

Front 25

what thin walled sacs of the bronchial tree are for gas exchange

Back 25

alveoli

Front 26

what do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk

Back 26

main pulmonary artery/ segment (MPA)

Front 27

what is the mediastinum

Back 27

space or wall between serosa layers and two pleural cavities

Front 28

The mediastinum divides the ________ into right and left halves

Back 28

thorasic cavity

Front 29

name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart

Back 29

pericardium

Front 30

what is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

Back 30

pericardial cavity

Front 31

what is located in the pericardial cavity

Back 31

scant amounts of serous fluid

Front 32

name the three layers of the heart

Back 32

endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

Front 33

what vessels travel toward the heart

Back 33

veins

Front 34

what vessels travel away from the heart

Back 34

arteries

Front 35

wich side of the heart recieves blood from the body

Back 35

right side (right atrium): pulmonary side

Front 36

The left side of the heart is part of what circulation and why

Back 36

systemic circulation, pumos blood to body

Front 37

the right atrium recieves blood primarily through which two veins

Back 37

cranial and caudal vena cava

Front 38

what side of the heart is the right ventricle on? the left ventricle?

Back 38

right: cranial (rt. cranial and lt. sides)
Left: ca

Front 39

what is the vestigial, fetal connection from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

Back 39

ligamentum arteriosum

Front 40

Fill in the blanks: the cranial and caudal _____ ____ return venous blood to the ____ ______. the blood then enters the _____ _____, treavels through the _____ _____ and ___ ____ to the _____. The _______ return oxygenated blood to the _____ ____. this blood is pumped to the _____ ______ and then out the ______ to the rest of the ________.

Back 40

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

Front 41

what is the adult remnant of the fetal foramen ovale

Back 41

fossa ovale

Front 42

what seperates the atria

Back 42

interatrial septum

Front 43

what thin cords anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles

Back 43

chordae tendineae

Front 44

name the wall seperating the two ventricles

Back 44

interventricular (IV) septum

Front 45

which ventricle has a thinner wall and why

Back 45

right, less strength needed to reach the lungs

Front 46

on which side of the heart is the opening to the right ventricle

Back 46

into: right side
out: left side (wraps around cranial side)

Front 47

what are the valves of the heart

Back 47

right and left atrioventricular (AV); aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar)

Front 48

what abnormal sounds are caused by blood flow turbulence in the heart

Back 48

murmurs

Front 49

what are the 3 parts of the conduction system of the heart

Back 49

sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular (AV) node, and atrioventricular bundle branches

Front 50

what is the term for ventricular diastole

Back 50

when the ventricles relax and fill with blood

Front 51

what do the first and second heart sounds sound like and roughly represent

Back 51

first "lub" is the closure of the AV valves

second "dub" is the closure of the semilunar valves

Front 52

how is the esophagus normally related to the arch in the aorta

Back 52

to the right of the arch of the aorta

Front 53

what arteries trave lup the neck to supply the head and face

Back 53

Common carotid a.

Front 54

what nerves and vessels travel in the intercostal spaces caudal to the ribs

Back 54

intercostal a. v. and nerve

Front 55

what huge vein passes superficially in the neck

Back 55

external jugular vein

Front 56

what vein returns blood from the head, neck and thorasic limb and cranial part of the thoracic walls to the right atrium

Back 56

cranial vena cava

Front 57

what returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb

Back 57

caudal vena cava

Front 58

during fetal development, the ______ suppplies the fetus with its oxygen and nutrients and eliminates waste products

Back 58

placenta

Front 59

what three fetal structures bypass the liver and the lungs

Back 59

ductus venosus, ductus arteriousus and foramen ovale

Front 60

what are the two fetal bypasses away from the lung circulation

Back 60

foramen ovale and ductus arteriousus

Front 61

from where to the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale shunt blood

Back 61

from pulmonic to systemic circulation

Front 62

what is the adult remnant of the following structures
a. ductus arteriousus
b. foramen ovale
c. umbilical arteries
d. umbilical vein

Back 62

a. ligamentum arteriosum
b. Oval fossa or fossa ovale
c. round ligaments of urinary bladder
d. round ligament of liver

Front 63

what glandular structure is in the cranial meiastinum of the young

Back 63

thymus

Front 64

what is the large lymphatic channel draining the caudal animal

Back 64

thorasic duct

Front 65

what lymph nodes are near the bifurcation of the trachea

Back 65

tracheobronchial lymoh node

Front 66

what are the lymphatic structure in the cranial mediastinum

Back 66

cranial mediastinal lymph node

Front 67

what is the large lymoh node crossing the heart to the diaphragm

Back 67

phrenic nerve

Front 68

what nerves supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thorasic wall

Back 68

intercostal nn.

Front 69

how does the autonoumic nervous system work?

Back 69

without conscious effort

Front 70

what structures does the ANS regulate

Back 70

smooth/ cardiac m. and glands

Front 71

autonomicfunctions are mainly set up by ______ ________

Back 71

reflex archs: visceral sensory and motor nn.

Front 72

What are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 72

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Front 73

what are the functions of the two divisions of the ANS

Back 73

parasympathetic: energy conserving
sympathetic: energy expending

Front 74

what is the "fight or flight" division of the ANS

Back 74

sympathetic

Front 75

the visceral effectors of the ANS usually have _____ innervation

Back 75

dual

Front 76

the actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually have _____effects on their visceral effectors

Back 76

opposite

Front 77

where does the preganglionic fibers synapse with the postganglionic efferent fiber in a relationship ti the central nervous system

Back 77

in gangla distal to/ outside of the CNS

Front 78

the ANS, although said to be involuntary, is still controlled by________?

Back 78

higher centers in the brain; cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Front 79

what are the neurotransmitters of the ANS

Back 79

Acetylcholine (Ach): pre for both and postganglionic for parasympathetic

Front 80

what are the ANS structures in the neck

Back 80

vagosympathetic trunk and vertebral nerve

Front 81

what is the sympathetic innervation to the pelvis

parasympathetic

Back 81

hypogastric nerve

pelvic nerve

Front 82

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax

Back 82

vagus nerve

Front 83

which way do the motor fibers travel in the vagosympathetic trunk

Back 83

sympathetic towards the head
vagus away from the head

Front 84

what is a serousa

Back 84

a thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering the cavity's organs

Front 85

what is the serous membranes of the pericardial cavity, thorax, abdomen, spermatic cord called respectively

Back 85

pericardial: pericardium, thorax: pleura, abdomen: peritoneum, spermatic cord: vaginal tunic

Front 86

what serosa covers walls of a cavity

Back 86

parietal serosa

Front 87

what is the line of pleural reflection

Back 87

costodiaphragmatic recess

Front 88

what is the pleural cupula

Back 88

cranial pleural sac extending out through the thorasic inlet

Front 89

what is air in the thorax called

Back 89

pneumothorax

Front 90

when closing and intercostal approach to the thorax with sutures around the ribs what shouldbe avoided

Back 90

intercostal vessels on caudal ribs

Front 91

hos is the vacuum of the pleural caavity regained when closing the thorasic cavity

Back 91

maximally inflate the lungs during the last part of closure

Front 92

what is the surgical opening to the thoracic cavity

Back 92

thoracotomy

Front 93

what is the injection and aspiration into and from trachea for lab work

Back 93

transtracheal wash (TTW)

Front 94

What is the surgical opening of the trachea to the outside

Back 94

tracheostomy

Front 95

where is a good place for a tracheostomy and why

Back 95

cranial neck, trachea covered only by strap muscles

Front 96

what is pneumonia

Back 96

inflammation of the lung with consolidation

Front 97

what is aspiration pneumonia

Back 97

swallowing foreign material into the lungs and subsequent pneumonia

Front 98

which lobe is the most common site for aspiration pneumonia
-second most common

Back 98

right middle lung lobe (most dependent)
- cranial right lung lobe

Front 99

to which lung lobe will a light, inhaled foreign body which moves by air flow and not gravity tend to go

Back 99

right caudal lobe- straight shot

Front 100

what is hyaline membrane disease

Back 100

parturition before the lungs mature with insufficient surfactant produced

Front 101

what is listening to the lungs with a stethoscope

Back 101

auscultation

Front 102

what is the surgeons pericardium

Back 102

sac opened to access epicardial covered heart

Front 103

what is done with the pericardium after open heart surgery

Back 103

left unsutured or only loosely approximated

Front 104

what is the filling up of the pericardial sac with blood

Back 104

cardiac tamponade

Front 105

what is the difference between congenital and hereditary defects

Back 105

congenital: present at birth, can be due to hereditary or environmental causes
hereditary: passed on to offsprind, may or may not be present at birth

Front 106

what is failure of the intraventricular septum to close

Back 106

intraventricular septal defect (VSD)

Front 107

what does PRAA stand for

Back 107

persistant right aortic arch

Front 108

what parasite may residence in the right ventricle of the dogs heart

Back 108

heartworms

Front 109

what is inflammation of the heart muscle

Back 109

myocarditis

Front 110

where does blood back up into when the right heart is damaged

Back 110

body (venae cavae- ascites, jugular pulse)

Front 111

what is ascites? what causes it

Back 111

fluid in abdomen, caused by right heart failure

Front 112

where does blood back up into in left heart failure

Back 112

lungs

Front 113

how does the olecrannon and the intercostal spaces relate when standing

Back 113

olecrannon at the 5th intercostal space or 5th rib

Front 114

where does the ductus arteriousus join the aorta in relationship to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian arteries

Back 114

past them

Front 115

what are the 3 bumps seen on a DV view of a dog with PDA

Back 115

MPA, left auricle, and aorta

Front 116

what is a common developmental defect of the atrial septum

Back 116

atrial septal defect (ASD)

Front 117

what results from rupture of the thorasic duct

Back 117

chylothorax

Front 118

what is the clinical significance of the line of pleural reflection

Back 118

demarcates the pleural from the peritoneal cavity

Front 119

what is thoracocentesis

Back 119

thorasic puncture to withdrawl fluids

Front 120

what is pleurocentesis/ thoracocentesis

Back 120

surgical puncture of thorax for drainage of fluid

Front 121

where is thoracocentesis done

Back 121

in the middle of the intercostal space just dorsal to the costochondral junction, craniodorsal to the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Front 122

how can the pleural cupula be clinically important

Back 122

can open the pleural cavity with an incision near the thorasic inlet

Front 123

what theoretically allows a unilateral pneumothorax or pyothorax to become bilateral

Back 123

fenestration (holes) in the mediastinum, common in the dog

Front 124

what is the normal blood pressure of the dog

Back 124

120/80