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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rejecting Ho when it’s actually true: |
Type I error |
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Ho can only be what 3 symbols? |
(≥, =, or ≤) |
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The smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis will not be rejected: |
The p-value |
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Scientific method-based means for using sample data to evaluate conjectures about a population: |
Hypothesis Testing |
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What happens if p-value < α ? |
Then we reject the null hypothesis |
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Sample statistic used to decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis: |
Test statistic |
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This is equivalent to a claim that the difference between the observations and the hypothesized value are due to random variation: |
Ho: the null hypothesis |
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The probability of committing a type I error: |
The level of significance (denoted by α) |
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Failing to reject Ho when it’s actually false: |
Type II error |
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What type of probability distribution is the p-value? |
A conditional probability distribution |
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The set of all values which would cause you to reject the null hypothesis, Ho: |
Critical region |
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What happens if p-value > α? |
Then we do not reject the null hypothesis |
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What is Ha? |
The alternative hypothesis |
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A statement based upon the null hypothesis. It is either "reject the null hypothesis" or "fail to reject the null hypothesis": |
Decision Rule |
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A test of whether the population mean is different from the hypothetical mean: |
2-tailed test |
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This is equivalent to a claim that the difference between the observations and the hypothesized value are systematic (i.e., due to something other than random variation): |
Ha: the alternate hypothesis |
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Why are p-values preferred? |
1) They allow anyone to select their own significance level a. |
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When the null hypothesis is true, but the sample information has resulted in the rejection of the null, a ____ has been made. |
Type I Error |
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What happens if the level of significance (a) is made smaller? |
The critical (rejection) region becomes larger. |
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The maximum probability of a Type I error that the decision maker will tolerate: |
Level of significance |
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What increases the chances of making a Type I Error? |
Increasing the signficance level (i.e. from .01 to .05) |
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The values that mark the boundaries of the critical region: |
Critical values |
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If the level of significance of a hypothesis test is increased from .01 to .05, the probability of a Type II error |
Will be decreased |
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Claim that the difference between the observations and the hypothesized value are systematic and caused by something other than random variation: |
Ha - the alternate hypothesis |
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Hypothesis test for which sample results that are only sufficiently less than the conjectured value of the parameter: |
Lower-tailed test |
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The smaller the _____ the greater evidence against ____. |
P-value, Ho |
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List the 6 steps in Hypothesis Testing: |
1) State the null and alternative hypotheses. |
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As z gets larger, ___ gets smaller. |
P-value |
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What is the z-value for a two-tailed hypothesis test on a population mean when alpha is 5%? |
1.96 |
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The power of a statistical test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is _______. When you increase alpha, the power of the test will _______. |
False, increase |
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The quantity (1 - alpha) is called: |
The confidence coefficient |
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For a given level of significance, if the sample size is increased, the probability of committing a Type II error will ____. |
Decrease |
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In testing for differences between the means of two related populations the null hypothesis states that: |
The population mean difference is equal to 0 |
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When testing for a difference in two population means from small samples, a pooled variance must be computed when ___________. |
Variances are assumed to be equal |
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The point that divides the non-reject region from the rejection region: |
Critical value |
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When will we use the z test? |
1) The population is normally distributed. |
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As the number of ____ increase(s), the shape of the t distribution approaches the standard normal distribution. |
Degrees of freedom |
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A random sample of 10 observations is selected from the first normal population and 8 from the second normal population. For a one-tailed test of hypothesis (.01 significance level) to determine if there is a difference in the population means, the degrees of freedom are |
n1 + n2 - 2 = 10 + 8 - 2 =16 |
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What assumptions are necessary for a two-sample hypothesis test about the difference between two LARGE SAMPLE means? |
1) The two populations must be independent (unrelated). |
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"Before" and "after" samples often characterized by a measurement: |
Dependent (matched) samples |
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What assumptions are required when testing a hypothesis about the difference between two SAMPLE SAMPLE means? |
1) The sample populations follow the normal distribution. |
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Which selection on your TI-83 would be used to answer the question “How much more do Lamborghini owners spend per year on maintenance than Subaru owners?” |
2-SampTInterval |