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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What cytokine is good for mucosal immunity?
|
IL 5
|
|
What is a volvulus?
where is it most likely to occur? in what patients? |
when the intestine twists and causes obstruction
In the elderly- most common is the sigmoid colon in the young- can happen in many other places |
|
The superior cerebellar artery travels near what cranial nerve?
|
Occulomotor
|
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What would the eye be unable to do if the occulomotor was knocked out?
|
adduction
loss of the medial rectus muscle |
|
What is the costimulatory interaction in a TB skin test?
|
B7 and CD28
co-stimulatory 1ry is MHCII and T-cell |
|
What type of inheritance does Huntington's show?
|
Autosomal Dominant
|
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What type of inheritance is G6PD deficiency?
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X-linked
look for heinz bodies |
|
Given the volume of distribution and clearance, calculate half-life.
|
t/2=(.693xVd)/Cl
|
|
What can cause suppurative billiary cholangitis?
|
complicatoin of roundworm infection:
Ascaris Lumbricoides Liver Flukes: Clonorchis sinesis Fasciola hepatica |
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What does Enterobius vermicularis cause?
|
pinworm infection
|
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What does Plasmodium ovale cause?
|
malaria
|
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What does Taenia solium cause?
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pork tapeworm
Taeniasis larvae cause cysticercosis |
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What does typanosoma cruzi cause?
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chagas
|
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What causes pale poo?
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bilirubin
|
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What is the role of IFN-gamma?
|
development of macrophages to become epitheliod and multi-nucleated giant cells
|
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What is the role of IL1 and TNF-alpha
|
secreted by macrophages to recruit more leukocytes, locally
produce acute-phase responses- fever, malaise |
|
What is the difference between the native vaginal flora of women with menstral periods and those without?
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in those without, skin epithelium is seen. Staph epidermidis
In those of child-bearing age, Lactobacillus, Candida, and strep are seen |
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How is doxycylcine secreted?
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non-renal
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Differentiate strep pyogenes and strep pneumoniae
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pyogenes- can go to rheumatic fever and golmeruloblah
B-hemolysis and inhibbed by bacitracin pneumoniae- alpha hemolysis and lysed by optochin |
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What strep is B-hemolytic and resistant to bacitracin?
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Strep agalactiae
|
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In what form does Toxoplasmosa cross the placenta?
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as a tachyzoite- part of an acute infection.
|
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What is the difference between a tachyzoite and a bradyzoite?
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both are merozoites- daughter parasites.
Tachy- divides fast Brady- divides slow (not blood borne in toxo) |
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What treatment should be given to a fibromyalgic patient?
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tricyclic anti-depressent
|
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What drugs are good for OCD?
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SSRIs
TCA |
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What infection comes from uncooked pork?
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Trichinosis
cysts found in muscle biopsy |
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What is Bruton's agammaglobulinemia?
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x-linked
normal t-cells, diminished b-cells. low antibodies |
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What is the mechanism of amitriptyline
|
ihibits reuptake
|
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What disease is caused by Hemophilus ducreyi?
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ulcerative genital lesion
painful- gram-negative rod in short chains |
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What distinguishes the chlamydia chancre from the hemophilus chancre and the syphilis chancre?
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pain, chlamydia is painless
syphillis is hard and nontender Chlamydia- iodine staining intracellular inclusion bodies |
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What is the role of LFA-1?
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binding between monos, t-cells, macros, neutrophils and dendritic cells with injured epithelium
B2 integrin, interacts with ICAM-1 |
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What is the role of ICAM-1?
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of the Ig superfamily
binds to LFA-1- for getting to an area of infection (diapedis) |
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What is the role of CR3?
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an integrin, but works more to help move through CT, not exit the blood stream like LFA-1
|
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what is the role of MadCAM-1 and L-selectin?
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helps in honing cells to mucosal surfaces
Important in 2ndry immune aggregates of lymphoid cells in the submucosa along the digestive tract and respiratory tree |
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What is the role of P-selectin and addressins?
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complementary molecules found on endothelium and platelets. Believed to contribute to the initiation of the clotting process in an area of acute inflammation but not directly involved in the movement of phagocytes into the tissue spaces
|
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What is a common cause of UTIs in someone with BPH?
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E. Coli- gram - rod. obstruction can cause growth.
this can lead to cystitis, sepsis, ARDS |
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What drugs could cause an increase in effect of warfarin?
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Erythromycin
sulfonamides Norfloxacin INH Cimetidine Ketoconazole Grapfruit juice St. John's wart |
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What drugs can cause gout?
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HZT
|
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What vitamin deficiency can occur with chronic anti-bacterial prophylaxis?
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Vit. K deficiency
drop in gut flora which produce the K. |
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What is the mechanism of action of niacin?
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blocks VLDL secretion
|
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What is the mechanism of action of Gemfibrozil?
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increase activity of LPL- increased clearance of VLDL.
|
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what is the mechanism of action of colchicine?
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blocks microtubule assembly-> decrease in inflammation in gout. prevents leukocyte migration and phagocytosis
used in acute gout |
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What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?
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inhibits xanthine oxidase
from forming uric acid given 1-2wks after acute gout attack |
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What is the role of probenecid and sulfinpyrazone in gout?
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increases the secretion by increasing the amount peed out.
|
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What is the relationship between gout and aspirin?
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aspirin competes with excretion of uric acid, so at OTC doses, can increase uric acid in body. However at high doses can increase excretion.
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What is pyridoxine?
|
Vitamin B6
|
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What is a side effect of INH involving vitamins?
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decreases vit. b6-> convulsions and fasiculations
|
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Which pharyngeal arches give rise to arteries the form the Circle of Willis?
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3 and 4
3- internal carotids 4- arch of the aorta and subclavian |
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What are the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches?
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1- maxillary artery
2- stapedial artery 3- internal carotids 4- arch of the aorta and subclavian 6- pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
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What does a cherry-red spot on fundoscopic exam mean?
|
Neimann-Pick and Tay-Sachs
Neimann-Pick: hepatosplenomegaly and progressive neuro deterioration= lipid storage disease Ashkenazis sphingomyelin |
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What is Hunter Syndrome?
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x-linked recessive mucopolysaccharoidosis
|
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What is Pompe's Disease?
|
glycogen storage disease
hypotonia and cardiorespiratory failure |
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What are the symptoms of Von Gierke's disease?
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severe glycogen storage disease
hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, and renomegaly |
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How is the diagnosis for Mono made?
|
heterophile Ab test
|
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What is potter syndrome?
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No kidneys due to malformation of uteric bud.
flattened facial features feet deformities underdeveloped lungs |
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what is the pronephros?
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transient collection of cells in the 4th wk of development
|
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What is the role of Megestrol acetate?
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increases appetite
progestational hormone. anti-neoplastic for breast and endometrium |
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What is the role of prochlorperazine
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phenothiazine- controls nausea and vomiting
|
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What is the antidote for amphetamine OD?
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chlorpromazine or haloperidol
|
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what is the role of NH3Cl in amphetamine OD?
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helps get rid of it in pee
|
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What is the role of Deferoxamine?
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chelates Fe and clears it from the body
|
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What is a major SE of TCAs?
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arrhythmia
|
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What is phentolamine?
|
alpha-receptor blocker
|
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How do TCAs help in parkinsons
|
They are anticholinergic
|
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In what phase of bacterial growth does anthrax release it's toxin?
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stationary phase- when cell growth ceases
|
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What is the defect in a class 5 mutation of the LDL receptor?
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Receptor cannot release the LDL in an acidic environment, therefore does not get recycled and is destroyed in the lysosome with the LDL
|
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Where do astrocytes derive from?
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neural tube
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Where do ependymal cells derive from?
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neural tube
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Where do oligodendroglia cells derive from?
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neural tube
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where do microglia derive from?
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blood monocytes
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where do pseudounipolar cells derive from
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neural crest
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What is the difference between a Peutz-Jager and a hyperplastic polyp?
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hyperplastic- sawtooth crypts, prolif of goblet and columnar epithelial cells
peutz-jager- larger and complex branching pattern |
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what is bladder prolapse?
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is is urinary incontinence based on pelvic floor weakness
|
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What are the SEs of niacin
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facial flushing
tachy hepatotox hypoalbuminemia hyperglycemia nausea vomiting hyperuricemia glucose intolerance pruritis peptic ulcer disease dry skin |
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What vascular change predisposes you to aortic dissection?
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Cystic medial necrosis
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What does diabetes predispose you to in the heart?
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atherosclerotic aneurysms
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What size vessels does polyarteritis nodosa effect
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smaller
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What heart probs can syphilis cause?
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aortic aneurysms
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What heart defect does downs predispose you for?
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endocardial cushion defect
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What vascular defect does adult polycystic disease predispose you to?
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berry aneurysm
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WHat heart defect is associated w/ turners?
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coarctation of the aorta
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How do you calculate water deficit?
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60% of body is water
weight 75kg .6*75=45L compare Na levels |
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Seminoma
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round nests of cells w/ conspicuous nucleoli and clear cytoplasm
fibrous septa w/ numerous lymphocytes immunoreactive for placental alk phos Radiosensitive |
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Choriocarcinoma
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recapitulates chorionic villus differentiation;
|
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Embryo cell carcinoma
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very undifferentiated- tubular, glandular pattern
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Yolk sac tumor
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testicular tumor in infancy and early childhood
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How does alcohol affect liver metabolism?
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enhances p450
hepatocyte SER undergoes hyperplasia and synthesizes mat ggt |
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What has alpha-helically coiled M protein?
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strep pyogenes
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What is contraction alkalosis
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Loop diuretics increased salt and water extretion.
fluid is lost, but HCO3 stays behind |
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Crigler Naijar syndrome
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severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
fatal in first year of life |
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Dubin-Johnson
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asymptomatic cause of jaundice
|
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What type of hemolysis and other labs for Strep pneumo
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alpha
optochin inhibits |
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What type of hemolysis and other labs for Strep agalactiae
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normal vag and intestine
Group B, beta hemolytic resistant to bacitracin |
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What type of hemolysis and other labs for Strep mutans
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normal flora
dental caries alpha; not inhibbed by optochin |
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What type of hemolysis and other labs for Strep pyogenes
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group A
beta-hemolytic bacitracin |
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What type of hemolysis and other labs for Strep sanguis
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subacute endocarditis
alpha hemolytic; not inhibbed by optochin |
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What caues preeclampsia before the 20th wk?
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hyatidiform mole
|
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Where does the nasal mucosa get its blood supply?
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sphenopalatine artery off of the maxillary artery
passes through the sphenopalatine foramen in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
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What does the facial artery provide blood to?
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branches off the external carotis
superficial face |
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What does teh superficial temporal artery supply?
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terminal branch of the external carotid
lateral portion of the scalp and temporal region |
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What does the superior labial artery supply?
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branch of the facial artery
superior labial -> upper lip; septal branch that provides to anterior portion of the septal mucosa of the nasal cavity |
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What does the transverse facial artery supply?
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branch of hte superficial temporal- parotid, parotid duct and skin of the lateral face
|
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What protien is part of the junctional complex that is lost in gastric adenocarcinoma and lobular carcinoma of the breast?
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E-cadherin
|
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What is the role of connexin?
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gap junctions
|
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What si the role of desmoglein?
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cadherin in desmosomes
|
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What is transthyretin?
|
prealbumin- found in cardiac amyloidosis
|
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when do you see amyloid associated protein
|
underlying chronic inflamm-> 2ry amyloidosis
|
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when do you see amyloid light chains?
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Multiple myleoma
|
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When do yous ee B2amyloid
|
Alzheimers
|
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when do you see B2microglobulin?
|
long-term hemodialysis
|
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What are the 3 locations of elastic fibers
|
arteries
vocal cords ligamenta flava (Small amounts in skin) |
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what causes a hydrocele?
|
incomplete fusion of the processus vaginalis
|
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What causes a spermatocele
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communication between teh epididymis and the tunica vaginalis
|
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What would result form no formation of the processus vaginalis?
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no tunica vaginalis
|
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What would happen if the processus vaginalis didn't fuse at all?
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congenital inguinal hernias
|
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What causes a vericocele?
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Varicocities of the spermaticord
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What would produce yellow flecks on an IUD?
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actinomyces- sulfur granules
|
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ancylostoma duodenale
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hookworm that causes anemia
|
|
Necator americanus
|
hookworm
anemia |
|
Ascaris lumbricoides
|
roundworm; very common. abdominal
|
|
Trichuris Trichiuria
|
rectal prolapse
whipworm |
|
What happens to blood pressure in V-fib?
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heart stops, blood moves from high pressure to low pressure
|
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What is the reservoir for HIV in the early stages of infection?
|
follicular dendritic cells
|
|
What is cell reservoid for EBV?
|
B cell
|
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What is the reservoir for HSV?
|
ganglion cells
|
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What viruses directly infect the oligodendros
|
JC
measles |
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tea color urine
|
IgA deposits
|
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podocyte effacement
|
minimal change
nephrotic in kids |
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subepithelial electorn dense deposits
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post-strep glomerulonephritis
|
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thickening of glomerular capillaries
|
tram-tracking
membranoproliferative |
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where in the UG diaphragm does the penis attach?
|
superficial perineal fascia
|
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Where is the deep perineal space
|
sphincter, urethrae muscle
bulbourethral gland |
|
ischioanal space
|
space between teh pelvic diaphragm and UG diaphragm
motsly fat |
|
rectovesical space
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w/in peritoneal cavity of the male, urinary bladder and rectum
|
|
retroperitoneal space
|
region between teh parietal peritoneum and the endoabdominal fascia. CT, Fat, several organs
|
|
superficial perineal space
|
between teh inferior fascia of the UG diaphragm and superficial perineal fascia
|
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What is the equivalence zone in HBV infection?
|
the period when Ab and Ag of HBs are being made at the same concentration to get Ag out of the system.
Prozone- Ag excess Postzone- Ab excess |
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
cystic structure
rare in kids |
|
what part of strep attracts neutrophils
|
teichoic acids
capsule attracts Ag |
|
What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
|
irregular intervals causing abnormal uterine bleeding
usually from unopposed Egen stim of the endometrium during anovulatory cycles |
|
What tumor goes along w/ pheos; polygonal cells
|
C-cells in thyroid
|
|
What happens to insulin and glucose in acromegaly?
|
hyperinsulinemia
decreased glucose tolerance |
|
What is CA-125 a serum marker for?
|
ovarian
|
|
From what part of the brachial plexus does the median nerve arise?
|
lateral and medial cords
|
|
what arises from the lateral cord?
|
musculocutaneous
|
|
what arises from teh middle and lower trunks
|
nothing
|
|
What arises from the upper trunk
|
subclavius
suprascaplular |
|
what arises from the posterior cord
|
axillary and radial nerve
|
|
What vascular disorder is associated w/ HBV?
|
Polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
What gene is invovled in cystic fibrosis
|
CFTR protein on 7q31
|
|
What is bombesin a tumor marker for
|
NF
|
|
What is S-100 a tumor marker for?
|
melanoma
neural tumors astrocytomas |
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum is endemic to what?
|
oral cavity
|
|
What are the features of fetal alcohol syndrome?
|
craniofacial defects
epicanthal folds, short palpebral fissures, a smooth philthrum, thin upper lip, small teeth, poorly formed ears mentally retarded, limitation of joint movement, and microcephaly. atrial and ventricular septal defects |
|
What is the effect of maternal lithium
|
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
|
|
what is the effect of maternal thalidomide?
|
variable cardiac manifestations and phocomelia
|
|
what is common variable immunodeficiency?
|
congenital immune deficiency syndrome;
can't make lymphocytes mature into plasma cells |
|
What are the cysts of entamoeba?
|
cytoplasm w/ 1,2,4 nuclei
10-20 um |
|
What heart defect is DM associated w/?
|
transposition of the great arterie
|
|
What renal disease is common in IV drug users?
|
FSGS
|
|
what drug causes priapism
|
trazodone
|
|
What drugs do you use for BPH and nasal congestion?
|
cetirizine
fexofenadine loratidine -> low anti-sludg |
|
What does the celiac artery supply?
|
stomach and proximal small intestine
|
|
What CD is used to identify natural killers?
|
CD56
|
|
What are the Sx of serum sickness?
|
fever, cutaneous eruptions, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias.
Erythema multeforme |
|
What is the relationship between ceflaclor and serum sickness?
|
higher in kids than adults
|
|
What is werner syndrome
|
MEN I
PTH hyperpalsia-> stones pancreatic neoplasms-> ZE Pit adenomas Sipple- MEN II; medullary thyroid, pheo, parathyroid |
|
Shy-Drager
|
autoimmune nervous system failure
|
|
Turcot syndrome
|
adenomas of the digestive tract
CNS gliomas |
|
What are these areas most sensitive to?
periportal pericentral |
periportal- toxic injury
pericentral- ischemic |
|
What is hurler syndrome
|
dwarfism and other skeletal changes
|
|
What is the role of the subclavius?
|
protect subclavian vessels underneath the clavicle
|
|
What is the function of the deltoid?
|
lateral aspect of clavicle- abductor of the arm
|
|
What innervates the four heads of the quadracepts?
|
femoral nerve
|
|
What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
|
sciatic
|
|
What innervates the Adductors?
|
obturator nerve
|
|
What is so special about the sweat glands and symps?
|
the only ACh and not NE.
|
|
What causes nail fungus
|
trichophyton
|
|
What does Mucor cause?
|
sinonasal infection
|
|
What is the role of the subscapularis?
|
Rotator cuff
internal rotation of the arm |
|
what is the role of the infraspinatus
|
rotator cuff
external rotation |
|
What is the role of the supraspinatus?
|
rotator cuff
abduction |
|
What is the role of terres minor
|
rotator cuff
external rotation |
|
Von Gierkes
|
glycogen storage disease
G-6-P neonatal hypoglycemia hyperlipidemia lactic acidosis ketosis failure to thrive convulsions liver and kidneys |
|
Does Gaucher's cause hypoglycemia?
|
NO
|
|
Does Niemann-Pick disease cause hypoglycemia
|
NO
|
|
Why do Pompe's and McArdle's primarily affect?
|
muscle
|
|
What type of virus is adenovirus?
|
DNA, non-enveloped
|
|
What type of virus is parvovirus?
|
DNA, non-enveloped
|
|
What type of virus is HCV?
|
enveloped ss-RNA +
|
|
Wht type of virus is polio?
|
ss-+-RNA naked
|
|
What type of virus si Rotavirus
|
ds-RNA
|
|
liver and OCs
|
liver cell adenoma
|
|
Liver and vinyl chloride
|
angioma
|
|
What is the Rx for RSV?
|
ribavirin
|
|
What is Boerhavve's
|
lower esophageal rupture
follows vomiting and straining |
|
What is Dressler's syndrome
|
pericarditis after MI
|
|
What is Dubin-Johnson
|
inherited conjugated hyperbili
|
|
What is Osler-Web-Rendu disease?
|
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, multiple, small aneurysmal telangiectasia. from birth in the skin, oral cavity, alimentary tract, resp tract, urinary tract, liver, brain, spleen.
|