Pyschology Chap. 5-8

Front 1

what is learning

Back 1

the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Front 2

what is conditioning

Back 2

refers to the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimuli.

Front 3

unconditioned stimuli-UCS

Back 3

a stimulus that always causes an organism to respond in a specific way

Front 4

unconditioned response-UCR

Back 4

a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs.

Front 5

conditioned stimulus-CS

Back 5

an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.

Front 6

conditioned response_CR

Back 6

after conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented.

Front 7

phobias

Back 7

irrational fears of particular things, activities, or situations

Front 8

neutral stimulus

Back 8

a stimulus that does not evoke or bring a response

Front 9

conditioned emotional response-CER

Back 9

Albert's fear of the rat b/c of the loud noise

Front 10

stimulus generalization

Back 10

when an event similar to the originally conditioned response

Front 11

stimulus discrimination

Back 11

the process of learning responses to to a specific stimulus, but not to other similar stimuli

Front 12

extinction

Back 12

when responses that are learned through classical condtioning are weakened or suppressed.

Front 13

spontaneous recovery

Back 13

the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

Front 14

higher-order conditioning

Back 14

when conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus

Front 15

operant conditioning

Back 15

behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.

Front 16

operant response

Back 16

behavior that is modifiable by its consequences

Front 17

consequence

Back 17

follows the behavior

Front 18

reinforcers

Back 18

consequences that will increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 19

punishers

Back 19

consequences that decrease the chances that a behavior will be repeated

Front 20

law of effect

Back 20

theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"

Front 21

positive reinforcers

Back 21

any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Front 22

negative reinforcers

Back 22

any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.

Front 23

primary reinforcers

Back 23

increase the probability of a response b/c they satisfy a biological need such as food. water, sex

Front 24

secondary reinforcers

Back 24

increase the probability of a response b/c of their learned value, such as money and material possessions.

Front 25

Premack principle

Back 25

any naturally occurring, high frequency response can be used to reinforce and increase low-frequency responses.

Front 26

escape conditioning

Back 26

learn to do something in order to end adverse stimulus

Front 27

avoidance conditioning

Back 27

to signal in a way that prevents exposure to adverse stimulus.

Front 28

positive punishment

Back 28

the addition of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will recur

Front 29

negative punishment

Back 29

the taking away of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will recur

Front 30

under wat conditions does punishment work?

Back 30

1.swift
2.certain- "if i do this i will get punished"
3.sufficient w/out being cruel
4. seen as deserved by the person being punished.

Front 31

what are the drawbacks of punishment?

Back 31

1. only suppresses the behavior
2. unpleasant emotions
3. may convey notion that hurting others is okay

Front 32

discriminative stimulus

Back 32

which signals whether or not a response will pay off.

Front 33

cognitive learning

Back 33

learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable

Front 34

latent learning

Back 34

learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

Front 35

insight

Back 35

learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem.

Front 36

observational learning

Back 36

learning by observing other people's behavior

Front 37

memory

Back 37

an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience

Front 38

encoding

Back 38

translating info into neural codes

Front 39

storage

Back 39

retaining neurally coded info over time

Front 40

retrieval

Back 40

recovering info from memory storage

Front 41

parallel distributed processing

Back 41

processing multiple info at the same time

Front 42

levels of processing

Back 42

memory relies on how deeply we process initial information

Front 43

iconic memory

Back 43

visual memory 200-300 milliseconds

Front 44

echoic memory

Back 44

auditory memory 1-2 secs. even up to 5

Front 45

sensory information

Back 45

short-lived memory process

Front 46

short term memory

Back 46

temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it to long term memory

Front 47

chunking

Back 47

putting pieces of information together based on meaning

Front 48

maintenance rehearsal

Back 48

repeating the same thing over and over

Front 49

visuospatial sketchpad

Back 49

non-verbal information. spatial information

Front 50

phonological loop

Back 50

draws upon speech resources

Front 51

central executive

Back 51

attentional control and cognitive processing
decides what information will be attended to
associated with frontal lobes

Front 52

long term memory

Back 52

stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless and its duration is relatively permanent

Front 53

explicit memory

Back 53

can declare (put into words)

Front 54

semantic memory

Back 54

facts and concepts not linked to a particular time

Front 55

episodic memory

Back 55

our personal mental diary

Front 56

implicit memory

Back 56

nondeclarative memory

Front 57

priming

Back 57

prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage

Front 58

procedural memories

Back 58

motor skills and habits

Front 59

emotional memories

Back 59

learned emotional responses to various stimuli

Front 60

elaborative rehearsal

Back 60

linking new information to previously stored material

Front 61

encoding specificity principle

Back 61

retrieval of information is improved when conditions are similar to the conditions when information is encoded

Front 62

retroactive interference

Back 62

when new information leads to forgetting old material

Front 63

proactive interference

Back 63

when old information leads to forgetting new material

Front 64

interference theory

Back 64

forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or trying to replace another memory

Front 65

consolidation

Back 65

process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable

Front 66

serial position effect

Back 66

refers to the U-shaped pattern of performance on a free recall task when recall is plotted as a function of word position

Front 67

primary effect

Back 67

the relatively good recall of the first items or most recent items

Front 68

recency effect

Back 68

refers to the relatively good recall of the last items or most recent items on the list

Front 69

massed practice

Back 69

continuous non stop practice

Front 70

distributed practice

Back 70

practice spread over time w/ rest periods interspersed

Front 71

source amnesia

Back 71

forgetting the true source of a memory

Front 72

sleeper effect

Back 72

tendency to initially discount info from an unreliable source, which then gains credibility because we forgot it

Front 73

motivated-forgetting theory

Back 73

there are mental mechanisms that make us forget unpleasant or painful facts

Front 74

suppresion

Back 74

person tries to forget painful memory; still aware that event happened

Front 75

repression

Back 75

literally removes unpleasant memories from consciousness; not aware of event that happened

Front 76

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 76

subjects know the word, can describe it or "see it" but cannot correctly produce it at that time.

Front 77

retrieval failure theory

Back 77

correct retrieval cues are not produced to get at the contents of memory

Front 78

traumatic brain injury

Back 78

occurs when the skull makes a sudden collision with another object

Front 79

closed head injury

Back 79

does not penetrate brain

Front 80

penetrating brain injury

Back 80

object penetrates skull or skull is fractured

Front 81

amnesia

Back 81

loss of memory as a result of brain injury or trauma

Front 82

anterograde amnesia

Back 82

forgetting events after incidence of trauma or onset of disease

Front 83

retrograde amnesia

Back 83

forgetting events before incidence of trauma or onset of disease

Front 84

demetia

Back 84

group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain function

Front 85

Alzheimer Disease

Back 85

most common form of dementia among older people

Front 86

amyloid plaques

Back 86

abnormal clumps

Front 87

neurofibrillary tangles

Back 87

tangled bundles of fibers