Pyschology

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applied research

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research designed to solve specific, practical problems

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artificial intelligence

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computer models of human thought and reasoning

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basic research

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research designed obtain knowledge purely for its own sake

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behavior genetics

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the study of how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors

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behavioral neuroscience

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the study of brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts

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behavioral perspective

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studies the role of the external enviroment in governing our actions

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behaviorism

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a school of thought that emphasizes enviromental control of behavior through learning

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biological perspective

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examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior

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British Empiricism

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says that all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically, that is through the senses

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cognitive behaviorism

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purposes that learning experiences influence our thoughts and expectations, which in turn guide how we behave

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cognitive neuroscience

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uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques to examine brain activity as people engage in mental tasks

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cognitive perspective

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examines how we perceive, organize, and store information in our minds and how mental processes influence behavior

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collectivism

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individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to the extended family and other social groups

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cultural psychology

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explores how culture is transmitted to its members and examines pyschological similarities and differences that occur between people from diverse cultures

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culture

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the enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next

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defense mechanisms

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psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences

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evolutionary pyschology

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the discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behavior

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functionalism

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said that pyschology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure

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Gestalt psychology

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is derived from the word meaning "whole", concerned with how elements of experience are organized into wholes

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humanism

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talks about the idea of free will, innate tendencies toward growth, and the attempt to find ultimate meaning in one's existence

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individualism

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an emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one's own attributes and achievements

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interaction

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means that the way in which one factor influences behavior depends on the presence of another factor

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mind-body dualism

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belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body

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monism

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holds that mind and body are one and that the mind is not a seperate spiritual entity

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natural selection

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if an inherited trait gives certain members an advantage over others, these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring

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neurotransmitters

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chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another

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norms

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rules that specify what behavior is acceptable and expected for members of that group

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positive psychology movement

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emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living

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pyschoanalysis

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the analysis of internal and primarily unconscious pyschological forces

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pyschodynamic perspective

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searches for the causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality, emphasizing the role of unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past

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pyschology

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scientific study of behavior and the mind

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social constructivism

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maintains that what we consider "reality" is largely our own mental creation

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socialization

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process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them

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sociocultural perspective

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examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings

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structuralism

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analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements