Py 1: Perception

Front 1

Sensation-

Back 1

focused on individual sensory systems and how receptors interact with their environments to create a subject experience.

Front 2

Perception-

Back 2

concentrates on how individual sensory information is combined to represent the real world of objects and events.

Front 3

Cue

Back 3

Makes perception possible. An aspect of the sensory stimulus pattern that conveys information about the physical.

Front 4

Compensation for retinal displacement

Back 4

The nervous system compensates for the retinal displacements that are produced by voluntary eye/head movements. The brain cancels out such displacements, allowing us to see a stationary object as stationary even if our eyes are moving.

Front 5

Induced motion-

Back 5

the larger/enclosing object tends to act as a stationary frame for the other one (billiard ball and pool table).

Front 6

Problem of depth perception-

Back 6

how do we perceive 3D when it’s not directly represented in our sense organs?

Front 7

Depth cues

Back 7

features of the stimulus situation that indicate how far away an object is.

Front 8

Auditory depth cues-

Back 8

we have two ears.

Front 9

Binocular depth cues

Back 9

We have two ears that are 65 mm apart. Each eye has a slightly different view, and this allows us to perceive depth. The different view is referred to as binocular parallax, which results in retinal disparity (different retinal images).

Front 10

Monocular depth cues-

Back 10

let us perceive depth in one eye alone. Also known as pictorial cues (cues that are put in a painting). Linear perspective and relative size: distant objects produce smaller retinal images than close objects. Interposition- a closer object will block on that’s further away. Texture gradients- patterns change, revealing spatial layout. Shadow.

Front 11

Motion cues-

Back 11

motion parallax. Objects closer to us seem to move more than faraway objects. Note: the idea of motion can also be induced. Flashing lights appear to travel even though they aren’t moving (apparent movement).

Front 12

Physiological cues-

Back 12

convergence. Muscles of the eye must exert different degrees of concentration to fixate on near/far objects.

Front 13

Size constancy-

Back 13

objects are seen as fixed in size regardless of how close they are/how large the retinal image is. Familiarity is irrelevant; distance cues are relevant. Two eyes and good light are needed for good size constancy.

Front 14

Size-distance invariance hypothesis-

Back 14

our brain is constantly weighing retinal image size with perceived distance to construct our idea of “size.”

Front 15

Emmert’s law of afterimages

Back 15

- the perceived size is directly proportional to how far away an object seems.

Front 16

Hue-

Back 16

COLOR (blue, green, etc.). Chromatic. GR or BY. Opponent- either one or the other within the pair- not both at the same time.

Front 17

Brightness

Back 17

how dark or light (black or white) an object. Achromatic. Non-opponent channels. They don’t inhibit each other and can be combined in many ways (subjective dimension of lightness).

Front 18

Saturation

Back 18

judges how chromatic an object is. If the object is very gray, the saturation is zero.

Front 19

Subtractive mix

Back 19

artist and pallet. Colors are mixed so that the wavelengths are subtracted/blocked. (Resulting color would be neither absorbed by yellow OR blue.)

Front 20

Additive mix

Back 20

different wavelengths that stimulate the same region simultaneously. (Blue plus yellow.) Used in TVs.

Front 21

White

Back 21

tends to come about if all wavelengths are excited.

Front 22

Black

Back 22

is NOT the absence of color. It is a contrast arrangement. Surrounding whiteness will induce blackness.

Front 23

Lightness

Back 23

important because it corresponds with reflectance (the % of light that is reflected from an object). If 100 units of light is cast on coal and the coal reflects 5 units, the reflectance is 5%. This means that it is very dark.

Front 24

Lightness constancy-

Back 24

even if physical light increases, a white sheet of paper will still look just as white- no more, no less. The lightness will stay the same. This relies on the induction of blackness. Even if more light is reflected back, the % reflectance stays the same because more blackness is induced along with more lightness.