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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Segregation in the US army



1940s
- Many employed as cooks or cleaners, denying them the right to fight
- Less training and worse equipment
- Sent to the most dangerous parts of the battlefields (If they were allowed to fight, that is)
Treatment of Blacks in Europe



1940s
They were treated like heroes in France and England, where there was no racial segregation.
What does the Double V mean?



1940s
Black soldiers fighting a double war. Victories overseas and victory over racism at home.
Why did black farmers move to the cities during WW2?



1940s
Black farmers moved to the cities as farming was becoming more and more commercial. The demand for weaponry was massive and there was plenty of work within the factories.
Why did cities give blacks more protection?



1940s
Many blacks together compared to a rural family were alot safer when it came to be targeted by white-supremacists.
What caused tension in cities such as Detroit?



1940s
- Blacks and whites living in such close proximity.
- Competition for housing
Name three ways in which black consciousness and activism were increased in the 1940s?


1940s
The NAACP- members increasing from 50,000 to 450,000, worked closely with trade unions.

The fighting against fascism- White Americans becoming increasingly more aware that US racism was very similar to Hitler's

Economic Power- Greater demand for work meaning blacks were getting jobs.
What were the 'economic boycotts'?



1940s
Non-violent sit-ins at segregated restaurants and demanding desegregation on inter-state buses.
Name three ways in which the federal government helped blacks during the 1940s


1940s
FEPC- Fair Employment Practices Committee formed by A. Philip Randolph under Roosevelt. To create equality in defence industries. (Didn't much but proof that the government were helping blacks)

The Justice Department- Established a civil rights section, which tried to decrease lynching and police brutality in the south.

The supreme court- In 1944 with the SMITH vs ALLWRIGHT, it declared that the exclusion of blacks from the primaries unconstitutional under the 15th amendment.
What were the conclusions to the treatment of blacks in WW2?


1940s
- Black Urbanisation
- Increased awareness and activism
- Eroded the 'separate but equal'
- US fought against fascism in other countries, hope for the South
Black POLITICAL rights outside the south in 1945



1940s
They were allowed to vote but were not always represented fairly. Only two black congressmen.
Blacks SOCIAL and ECONOMIC rights outside of the South?


1940s
Ghetto areas of housing, Homes, job opportunities and education were all of a disadvantage to the Blacks. White-companies reluctant to employ blacks.
What does 'de facto' mean?



1940s
De facto- Meaning segregation by culture (specifically in the north)
What does 'de jure' mean?



1940s
De jure- Meaning segregation by law (specifically in the south by Jim Crow laws)
What states were known as the 'Deep South'?



1940s
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana
What does the term 'Demobilisation' mean?



1940s
After ww2 breaking up its armed forces, many black war heroes went home to no job prospect, gratitude or respect for there work.
How did the whites feel about working alongside blacks?


1940s
Whites did not want or like working with blacks.
How was black social equality improved after ww2?



1940s
Through the new black middle class.
List the Presidents, in order, involved with the civil rights movements from 1945-1968.


1940s
- Roosevelt
- Truman
- Eisenhower
- Kennedy
- Johnson
What year did Harry Truman become president?



1940s
1945
What was Senator Truman's attitude towards blacks?



1940s
Supported stopping lynching, and made very pro-black speeches to white audiences.

But used the word 'n-----' and made racist jokes privately.
Originally what did Truman do to help blacks?



1940s
Nothing, he did try to get Congress to help the FEPC but they refused.
Why was Truman cautious of doing anything controversial?


1940s
Because had automatically been promoted, he needed voters to like him to keep him there.
How was Harry Truman badly shown through the press?


1940s
Adam Clayton Powell's coloured wife was refused to the DAR (Daughters of American Revolution). Truman's wife was asked if she would boycott it but she would not. Suggesting the Truman's were seen as racists.
What did Truman say about the Black man's rights?



1940s
He wanted there to be equality between whites and blacks as he said "because he is a human being and a natural-born American".
What made Truman really turn against racism?



1940s
That Blacks soldiers were being beaten up in his home town.
What was the 'To secure these Rights' (1947)?



1940s
The committee which Truman had set up to explore the racism in the USA and what was needed to be done about it.
What were the key elements of 'To secure these Rights'?


1940s
- Anti-lynching legislation
- Abolition of the poll tax
- Voting rights laws
- Permanent FEPC
- an end to discrimination in interstate travel
- an end to discrimination in the armed forces
- a civil rights division in the Justice Department
- administration support for civil rights suits in the federal courts
- the establishment of the United States Commission on civil rights
Why did Truman turn into a civil rights activist?



1940s
- He probably knew that he had already lost the vote form the Southern white racists.
- Under pressure from A. Philip Randolph
- The reforms helped show up the uncooperative republican congress.
What were the advantages of liberalism on civil rights?


1940s
Political:
- the black vote
- some Northern Democrats wanted the Black vote.
What were the disadvantages of liberalism on civil rights?


1940s
Political:
- Southern Democrats were furious
- Only 6% supported the civil rights
When and where did Truman hold is one and only civil rights speech?


1940s
Harlem, 1948 (year of election)
Why was Eisenhower a positive sign?



1950s
Called for a combination of publicity, persuasion and conscience to help end racial discrimination.
Why was Eisenhower later seen as not very helpful?



1950s
- Born into a racist southern family, and a segregated army
- Didn't believe that white and blacks should mix (wouldn't allow a n---- to court my daughter')
- Great emotional strains from desegregating schools
- He was opposed to state intervention anyway
- It was damaging to become involved with the civil rights
Did Eisenhower employ any black workers in the white house?


1950s
Morrow, and he was never consulted about civil rights and no-one would do any work under him.
What was the Brown vs the board of education?



1950s
Where a leading lawyer, Thurgood Marshall went before the supreme court to argue that segration in schools was against the 14th amendment.
The impact of the Brown vs Board case



1950s
- White Citizens councils formed, by 1956 they had over 250,000 members.
- The Ku Klux Klan was revitalised again