Purpera Geology Final Exam

Front 1

The study of the features that make up the Earth's surface & the processes that bring about their change.

Back 1

Physical Geology

Front 2

Father of Geology. Proposed theory of ________ "the present is the key to the past"

Back 2

James Hutton; Uniformitarianism

Front 3

_______ is a term that describes all the solid outer layers of the Earth. It includes the two top layers: the __________ crust (high in O + Si) & _________ crust (O + Si more Mg + Fe) as well as the upper mantle.

Back 3

Crust; Continental & Oceanic

Front 4

The ___________ is the part of the mantle responsible for the motion of the plates.

Back 4

Asthenosphere

Front 5

The _______ core is a liquid that causes Earth's magnetic field; the solid _______ core is mostly Fe.

Back 5

Outer; Inner

Front 6

_______ is the element that is present in all layers of the Earth.

Back 6

Oxygen

Front 7

___________ provides the most detail about the layers of the Earth.

Back 7

Seismic waves

Front 8

__________ The name given to the density boundary between the crust and mantle.

Back 8

Mohorovic Discontinuity

Front 9

The most accepted idea for how the solar system formed.

Back 9

Big Bang Theory

Front 10

The most accepted idea for how the solar system formed.

Back 10

Nebular Hypothesis

Front 11

Planetary composition is a direct result of the planet's distance from.

Back 11

Distance from the Sun

Front 12

The name given to solid rock that breaks off and is brought to the surface by a lava flow.

Back 12

Xenolith

Front 13

On Earth, external heat comes from ________, internal heat comes from __________ & __________.

Back 13

The sun; radioactive decay & hear remaining from the Earth's formation.

Front 14

Two minerals with the same formula but different crystalline structure.

Back 14

Polymorph

Front 15

Part of atom that determines name; Determines how atoms join to make compounds.

Back 15

Protons; Electrons

Front 16

The most common chemical group or family of minerals (all have O + Si)

Back 16

Silicate minerals

Front 17

The building block for all silicate minerals.... 1 Si + 4 O

Back 17

Isolated tetrahedra

Front 18

Group of minerals containing CO3

Back 18

Carbonates

Front 19

Mohs hardness scale: Know the ends.....1_____; 10 ________

Back 19

Talc; Diamond

Front 20

Rocks that form from molten rock which hardens on or below the Earth's surface.

Back 20

Igneous

Front 21

Rocks forming from broken up rock cemented together; chemical precipitation in fluids or organic material.

Back 21

Sedimentary

Front 22

Rocks formed by heat and pressure

Back 22

Metamorphic

Front 23

Give the 5 part definition of a mineral:

Back 23

Solid at room temperature, Natural, inorganic (generally), definite chemical composition (or range of composition), definite arrangement of atoms (which creates crystalline structure.)

Front 24

Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred.

Back 24

Ionic

Front 25

Bond formed when electrons are shared

Back 25

Covalent

Front 26

What rock commonly forms at divergent plate boundaries and at hot mantle plumes?

Back 26

Sedimentary

Front 27

What type of rock commonly forms at transform and convergent C to C plate boundaries?

Back 27

Metamorphic

Front 28

What type of rock commonly forms at edges of continents?

Back 28

Igneous

Front 29

Cations carry a (positive, negative) charge?

Back 29

Positive

Front 30

The man who proposed Continental drift

Back 30

Alfred Wegener

Front 31

List his 4 proofs:

Back 31

Fir of the continents, fossil evidence, structural trends, age of rocks, glacial deposits

Front 32

His major problem was when he stated the continents ________ their way through the sea floor.

Back 32

"Plowed"

Front 33

Hess proposed theory of __________ stating new sea floor forms at the _______, old is lost at _______.

Back 33

Seafloor Spreading; Rifts & Trenches

Front 34

Plate tectonics is derived from what two theories

Back 34

Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading

Front 35

________- moving away - creates ________- Mid Atlantic

Back 35

Divergent Boundaries; Rifts

Front 36

_______- sliding side by side- creates _______- San Andreas

Back 36

Transform- fault boundaries; transform-fault

Front 37

_________- coming together

Back 37

Convergent

Front 38

Oceanic to Continent- creates:________&________- Cascades and Andes

Back 38

Trench and volcanoes

Front 39

Oceanic to oceanic- creates:________&________- Japan

Back 39

Trench and volcanoes

Front 40

Continent to continent- creates: __________- Himalayas

Back 40

Non-volcanic Mountains

Front 41

Subduction zones occur when _______ crust moves beneath continental or oceanic crust.

Back 41

Oceanic

Front 42

This forms whenever the crust pulls apart creating new seafloor

Back 42

Rift (valley)

Front 43

This forms whenever the outer core releases energy that melts rock that migrates through the mantle and possibly the crust. BEST examples: Hawaii and Yellowstone

Back 43

Mantle Plumes (Hot Spot)

Front 44

Magma high in Fe + Mg

Back 44

Felsic

Front 45

Magma high in Si + O

Back 45

Mafic

Front 46

_________ is the first ferromagnesium mineral to solidify in a magma chamber (think Bowen's Reaction Series) along with ________ from the continuous side of Bowen's Reaction Series; the last mineral to solidify is _________.

Back 46

Olivine; Labrodorite; Quartz

Front 47

All igneous rocks that solidify below the surface have this origin.

Back 47

Phaneritic

Front 48

All igneous rocks that solidify on the surface have this origin.

Back 48

Aphanitic

Front 49

Igneous rocks names according to?

Back 49

Composition and structure

Front 50

The most common intrusive/extrusive igneous rock? Intrusive-_________ Extrusive-_________

Back 50

Granite; Basalt

Front 51

The seafloor is made of this igneous rock.

Back 51

Basalt

Front 52

The resistance of lave/magma to flow.

Back 52

Viscosity

Front 53

Molten rock ON the surface; Molten rock BELOW the surface

Back 53

Lava; Magma

Front 54

The common texture for rocks that solidify below the ground (you can see the minerals)

Back 54

Phaneritic

Front 55

The common texture for rocks that solidify on the surface ( has tiny minerals)

Back 55

Aphanitic

Front 56

The name given to solid material erupted out of a volcano.

Back 56

Pyroclastic

Front 57

This occurs at spreading ridges and begins the initial melting.

Back 57

Decompression Melting

Front 58

The name given to a section of seafloor that has been pushed up onto a continent.

Back 58

Ophiolite

Front 59

When minerals form in a magma chamber and "rain" to the bottom thus changing the chemistry of the remaining magma.

Back 59

Fractional Crystallization

Front 60

Rising magma can change chemistry this way as it melts the original country rock.

Back 60

Assimilation

Front 61

Give the extrusive forms of these rocks: Granite=_______ Gabbro=________ Diorite=________

Back 61

Rhyolite; Basalt; Andesite

Front 62

The physical and chemical changes that make a sedimentary rock.

Back 62

Diagenesis

Front 63

The type of sed. rx. forming from broken up and glued together rocks.

Back 63

Clastic

Front 64

The type of sed. rx. formed chemically or by living things (one word)

Back 64

Biochemical

Front 65

What is the most common clastic rock?

Nonclastic(Chem, Biochem)

Back 65

Shale; Limestone

Front 66

The process of compacting and cementing sediment together to form clastic sed. rock.

Back 66

Lithification

Front 67

The process where groundwater filters through sediment and deposits minerals that glue the rock together.

Back 67

Cementation

Front 68

Coal formation (what you start with etc.) COAL- begin with_________ that die and fall into _______ retarding env. (like a swamp); get covered by sediment heat and pressure; time

Back 68

Plant matter; Oxygen

Front 69

OIL is the same except beginning with

Back 69

Marine Organizms

Front 70

Principle that states the oldest sedimentary rocks are found on the bottom of the sequence.

Back 70

Law of Surposition

Front 71

Cementation (increases, decreases) pore space but strengthens the rock.

Back 71

Decreases

Front 72

Most sedimentary rocks from in what environment?

Back 72

Shallow Marine

Front 73

Clastic sed. rx's are names mainly by ________; chemical and biochemical are named by two things:

Back 73

Grain size; Composition & Texture

Front 74

Breaking down IN PLACE with no chemical change to rock.

Back 74

Physical Weathering

Front 75

Breaking down in place by changing the chemistry.

Back 75

Chemical Weathering

Front 76

Breaking down rock and TRANSPORTING it.

Back 76

Erosion

Front 77

List the 5 agents of erosion:

Back 77

Wind, Water, Waves, Glaciers, Gravity

Front 78

In what climate will chemical weathering dominate? Physical weathering?

Back 78

Humid; Arid

Front 79

Pedalfer Soils form _______ climates, and contain higher concentrations of these two elements;

Back 79

Humid; Aluminum and Iron

Front 80

Pedocal Soils form in _________ climates, and contain higher concentrations of __________.

Back 80

Arid; Calcium

Front 81

The part of fault above the fault plane.

Back 81

Hanging wall

Front 82

The part of a fault below fault plane.

Back 82

Footwall

Front 83

Name of the vertical line which runs down the middle of the fold bisecting the limbs.

Back 83

Axial plane

Front 84

Name of the sides of fold on each side of the axis.

Back 84

Limbs

Front 85

The type of fault where the hanging wall moves DOWN

Back 85

Normal fault

Front 86

Type of fault in our area...sediment settling

Back 86

Growth fault

Front 87

Type of fault where the hanging wall moves UP

Back 87

Reverse fault

Front 88

A reverse fault with shallow dipping fault plane

Back 88

Thrust fault

Front 89

The name for all horizontal faults

Back 89

Strike slip fault

Front 90

An upward arch or fold

Back 90

Anticline

Front 91

A downward fold

Back 91

Syncline

Front 92

An area of land at least 1,000 ft above surrounding land

Back 92

Mountain

Front 93

_________ force (stress) that pulls apart; _________ force (stress) that squeezes together

Back 93

Tensional; Compressive

Front 94

Rock responds by bending and staying bent.

Back 94

Ductile (plastic)

Front 95

Rock bends under stress then regains its shape when stress is gone

Back 95

Elastic

Front 96

___________ a circular anticline; __________ a circular syncline

Back 96

Structural domes; Structural Basin

Front 97

Cascades are classifies as what type of Mtn

Back 97

Volcanic

Front 98

The basin and ranges are what type of Mtn

Back 98

Fault Block

Front 99

The most common oil trap along the TX Gulf coast

Back 99

Growth Faults

Front 100

Causes rock to fold

Back 100

Compression

Front 101

Causes normal faults; causes reverse faults

Back 101

Tensional stress; Compressional stress

Front 102

The point of rupture for an EQ

Back 102

Focus

Front 103

The place on the Earth's surface above the point of rupture.

Back 103

Epicenter

Front 104

List the 2 types of Body Waves type of wave motion, and what they can travel through.

Back 104

A) Primary Waves (P Waves); Back and Forth; Solid, liquid and air

B) Secondary Waves; Up and down; Solids

Front 105

List the 2 types of Surface waves and their motions:

Back 105

A) Love Waves; side to side

B) Rayleigh Waves; Up and down

Front 106

Term meaning the amount of energy released

Back 106

Magnitude

Front 107

Most favored by public...measures magnitude...not accurate for big ones far from station

Back 107

Richter Scale

Front 108

Most favored by geologists...measures size of rupture and how far fault moves.

Back 108

Moment Magnitude scale

Front 109

A giant sea wave.

Back 109

Tsunami

Front 110

Process of pinpointing the epicenter of an EQ...need 3 stations

Back 110

Triangulation

Front 111

Theory used to explain what causes EQ's

Back 111

Elastic Rebound Theory

Front 112

List the 3 factors that affect ground shaking

Back 112

Magnitude, distance from epicenter, type of rock in the area

Front 113

Know something about these famous earthquakes:

Back 113

New Madrid (largest mag. in US, "failed rift system)

Loma Prieta (World Series, bridge collapsed in San Francisco, transform fault between Pacific & N. Am.)

Alaska 1964 (plate subduction, long duration (4 min) most extensive crustal deformation)

Chile (largest EQ ever recorded; Mw= 9.5 caused by subduction of Nazca under S. Am.)

japan 2011 (devestating tsunami, Fukushima power plant explosions/leaks)

Front 114

A layered meta. rx

Back 114

Foliated

Front 115

Not layered meta rx.

Back 115

Non foliated

Front 116

Pressure equal in all directions;

pressure more from one side

Back 116

Confining; Directed

Front 117

What is the maximum temp. for a meta. rx?

what is the minimum temp? _________________

Back 117

Melting point; Just above Diagenesis Temp.

Front 118

Progressive metamorphism only occurs with what parent rock?____________…from slate - phyllite – schist - gneiss

Back 118

Shale

Front 119

The type of metamorphism that covers a large area

Back 119

Regional

Front 120

The type of metamorphism around igneous intrusions

Back 120

Contact

Front 121

Tell what these rocks become if metamorphosed:

Limestone ___________

Sandstone _________

Basalt ______

Back 121

Marble; quartzite; serpentinite

Front 122

If platy minerals are present in the parent rock, the foliation will be (parallel, perpendicular) to the stress.

Back 122

Perpendicular

Front 123

Grouping meta. rx's of various mineral compositions formed under different grades of metamorphism from different parent rocks.

Back 123

Metamorphic Facies

Front 124

Classification for a volcano that has erupted in recorded history

Back 124

Active

Front 125

Classification for a volcano that has not erupted in recorded history and the cone is very eroded

Back 125

Extinct

Front 126

The most common gas released by a volcanic eruption

Back 126

Water vapor

Front 127

When magma cools and draws inward forming hexagonal pillars know as?

Back 127

columnar jointing

Front 128

The type of cone that is often very broad; composed of basalt

Back 128

Shield

Front 129

The type of cone that is very tall; composed of pyroclastic tuff/breccia

Back 129

Cinder

Front 130

This is the most common volcanic structure; usually made of andesite

Back 130

Strato volcano

Front 131

The name given to the pit in the top of the volcano

Back 131

Crater

Front 132

A very LARGE pit caused by a magma chamber emptying so fast, the mountain collapses

Back 132

Caldera

Front 133

A mud flow associated with volcanoes mostly comprised of ash, water, debris

Back 133

Laher

Front 134

The most active volcanic area in world;

around the ____________ ocean

Back 134

Ring of fire; Pacific

Front 135

The Cascade volcano that erupted in 1980; it had all pyroclastic flows, no lava and leveled trees for up to 20 miles from the lateral blast site.

Back 135

Mt. St. Helen

Front 136

The Cascades are caused by the subduction of the ____________________ plate under the ____________ plate

Back 136

Juan de Fuca; N. American

Front 137

As the amount of volatiles (gases and fluids) increases, the rating for dangerous eruption (increases, decreases).

Back 137

Increases

Front 138

his was the largest volcanic eruption ever to occur in the U.S.

Back 138

Yellowstone

Front 139

This was the historic eruption that covered the city of Pompeii in 79 AD

Back 139

Vesuvius

Front 140

_____________________ was the historic eruption on the island of Martinque with warning signs including the snakes, centipedes. The burning pyroclastic flow killed over 30,000 people.

Back 140

Pelee

Front 141

_______________________ is the main source of magma for volcanic eruptions

Back 141

Asthenosphere

Front 142

____________________ is ropy looking basalt; __________ is very rough textured basalt.

Back 142

Pahoehoe; Aa'

Front 143

Active continental margins have these characteristics (circle):

a. (long, short) continental shelf

b. continental slope of (4 – 5 or 10 – 15) degrees

c. slope ends with a (continental rise or trench) d. form (near or away) from a plate boundary

e. an example would be:

Back 143

a) Short

b) 10-15

c) Trench

d) Near

e) Pacific ocean-Juan de Fuca & N. American plates

Front 144

Passive continental margins have these characteristics (circle):

a. (long, short) continental shelf

b. continental slope of (4 – 5 or 10 – 15) degrees c. slope ends with a (continental rise or trench) d. form (near or away) from a plate boundary

e. an example would be:

Back 144

a) Long

b) 4 - 5

c) Continental rise

d) Near

e) East cost N. America & Atlantic ocean

Front 145

What causes tides? ___________________________ How many high tides per day? __________

Back 145

Gravity between moon, eart and sun

2

Front 146

What makes waves?

Back 146

Wind

Front 147

List the 3 factors that determine wave height:

Back 147

Wind speed, Wind duration, Fetch- Distance wave over open water

Front 148

The surf zone occurs because the bottom of the seafloor (deeper, shallower) than the wave base.

Back 148

Shallower

Front 149

Longshore currents are generated as _______________hit the shore. They run (parallel, perpendicular) to the shore.

Back 149

Retracted Waves Parallel

Front 150

The amount of time it takes a wave to pass is known as the _____________

Back 150

Wave period

Front 151

An underwater volcano

Back 151

Seamount

Front 152

Geyser-like formation on the sea floor near rifts

Back 152

Black smoker

Front 153

distance between two adjacent crests

Back 153

Wave length

Front 154

the lowest level a wave can erode (it is equal to ½ the wavelength)

Back 154

Wave base

Front 155

Barrier Islands (like Galveston) may have formed as this feature was eroded

Back 155

Delta

Front 156

Most beach sand is made of what mineral?

Back 156

Quartz

Front 157

Hawaii is famous for its black sand beaches made of __________ and the green beaches made of ________________

Back 157

Basalt; Olivine

Front 158

What causes emergent coastlines?

What feature might you see?

Back 158

Global cooling-sea level falling & uplift

Marine Terraces

Front 159

What causes submergent coastlines? ________________________

What features might you see? ____________ and ________________

Back 159

Global warming- sea level rising (melting glaciers)

Estuaries and Fjords

Front 160

Today most coastlines around the world are classified as: _________ because of __________________________

Back 160

Submergent; melting glaciers

Front 161

The name given to a flat topped volcano on the seafloor: _______________

Back 161

Guyout

Front 162

What is the major erosional agent along a shoreline? ______________________________

Back 162

Waves

Front 163

______________________ Zone of groundwater containing air and water

Back 163

Vadose

Front 164

______________________ Zone of groundwater that is saturated with water

Back 164

Phreatic

Front 165

______________________ Impermeable layer that doesn’t allow water to flow through it

Back 165

Aquaclude

Front 166

______________________ The top of the phreatic zone

Back 166

Water table

Front 167

Amount of pore spaces

Back 167

Porosity

Front 168

Amount of INTERCONNECTED pore spaces

Back 168

Permeability

Front 169

What forms when erosion exposes the water table on the surface?

Back 169

Spring

Front 170

The type of aquifer with impermeable rock above and below

Back 170

Confined

Front 171

The type of aquifer with all permeable rock above aquifer

Back 171

Uconfined

Front 172

Any lowering of the land

Back 172

Subsidence

Front 173

Topography….you see features like caves and sinkholes

Back 173

Karst

Front 174

Cave formation usually form in _________________ rock …gw dissolves hole; area uplifted so water drains out of caves; the carbon dioxide in the water leaves the droplet when it enters the opening causing what mineral to form? ____________ the formations on the ceiling is called:_______________ or floor…______________

Back 174

Limestone; Calcite; Stalactites; Stalagmites

Front 175

Ogallala aquifer in W. Tx …got its water from the melting glaciers at the end of the last _______________

Back 175

Ice age

Front 176

Type of well were water rises to the surface due to pressure

Back 176

Artesian

Front 177

a hot spring that erupts periodically due to an underground constriction

Back 177

Geyser

Front 178

What causes the hydrologic cycle to work? _____________________

Back 178

Sun-Solar radiation

Front 179

Any body of water confined to a channel regardless of size

Back 179

Stream

Front 180

A small stream feeding into larger one

Back 180

Tributary

Front 181

Sediment build up on the sides of a stream channel

Back 181

Levee

Front 182

The name of the geographic area that supplies water for a stream

Back 182

Drainage bsin

Front 183

The name of the high land that separates drainage basins

Back 183

Divide

Front 184

The most common, tree-like, drainage pattern

Back 184

Dendritic

Front 185

Streams pattern that intersect at 90 degree angles, usually hill country

Back 185

Trellis

Front 186

The name of the curve in a stream (usually low gradient)

Back 186

Meander

Front 187

A pinched off meander creates this feature

Back 187

Oxbow

Front 188

The name of the deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river

Back 188

Delta

Front 189

The delta that supplies more sediment than eroded away

Back 189

Prograding

Front 190

The delta where waves erode faster than the sediment can be deposited….SEE barrier islands

Back 190

Wave dominated

Front 191

The difference in elevation along a stream channel…streams must have it to flow

Back 191

Gradient

Front 192

The depositional side of the river channel

Back 192

Point bar

Front 193

The erosional side of channel

Back 193

Cut bank

Front 194

What shape valley do streams cut?

Back 194

V Shape

Front 195

Streams moving sediment by bounding it along the river channel.

Back 195

Saltation

Front 196

Incised meanders can only form if the land is doing what?

Back 196

uplifted

Front 197

The name of the deposit at the base of mts in dry climates

Back 197

Alluvial fan

Front 198

Most deserts form at these latitudes

Back 198

30 N & 30 S

Front 199

Deserts form in_____________________ behind mts or too far from ____________

Back 199

Rain shadow zones ; Oceans

Front 200

A lake in a desert….dried up most of the time

Back 200

Playa

Front 201

The most important erosional agent in a desert

Back 201

Water

Front 202

What causes wind? _________________________________________

Back 202

Differences in air temperature

Front 203

The name of a flat topped hill with steep cliffs on all sides: _______________; a pillar in the desert: _________

Back 203

Mesa; Butte

Front 204

The type of sand dunes that form near oceans with prevailing wind, sand, vegetation.

Back 204

Parabolic

Front 205

Glaciers form in areas where more snow falls in _____________ than melts in __________, also in high ______________ and _______________________

Back 205

Winter; summer;

Latitudes; Altitudes

Front 206

The most common type of glacier – form in mts

Back 206

Valley(Alpine)

Front 207

The type of Glacier that form in Greenland and Antarctica

Back 207

Continetal

Front 208

This forms when a tributary glacier valley is left higher than the main valley

Back 208

Hanging valley

Front 209

The pointed mountain peak carved by a glacier

Back 209

Horn

Front 210

The ridge between glaciers

Back 210

Arete

Front 211

The moraine marks the farthest advancement of a glacier

Back 211

Terminal

Front 212

_______________________ The most accepted theory for the ice ages …changes in earths orbit and _________________

Back 212

Milankovitch theory

Inclination

Front 213

Glaciers cut what shape valley?

Back 213

U shape

Front 214

Glaciers move by sliding on meltwater _______________________; and by the middle moving faster than the sides: ____________________

Back 214

Basal sliding ; Plastic flow

Front 215

The name of the zone of a glacier that has snow year round

Back 215

Zone of accumulation

Front 216

The zone where all the snow and some ice melts in summer

Back 216

Zone of wastage

Front 217

An upside down spoon shaped hill carved by glaciers

Back 217

Drumlin

Front 218

A winding ridge that forms under the glacier as it advances

Back 218

Esker

Front 219

When do glaciers advance? (summer or winter)

Back 219

Winter