Purines

Front 1

difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside

Back 1

nucleosides: base and sugar
nucleotide: base, phosphate, and a sugar

Front 2

linkage that binds a phosphate

Back 2

ester linkage to Carbon 5 on sugar

Front 3

two types of sugar

Back 3

ribose
deoxyribose

Front 4

difference between the sugars

Back 4

has an OH on the carbon 2 position instead of a H

Front 5

linkage that binds the base

Back 5

N glycosidic bond

Front 6

name the purines

Back 6

Adenine and Guanine

Front 7

name the pyrimidines

Back 7

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Front 8

basic nucleotide funciton

Back 8

1) DNA Synthesis
2) RNA synthesis
3) transfer of highenergy groups
4) Component enzymes
5) regulatory molecules

Front 9

purine ring structure

Back 9

physical notecard

Front 10

origins of purine ring

Back 10

1) Aspartate
2) N10 FTHF
3) amide N of glutamine
4) N10 FTHF
5) glycine
6) CO2

Front 11

Steps in Purine Synthesis

Back 11

1) R5P
2) PRPP
3) PAR
4) GAR
5) FGAR
6) FGAM
7) AIR
8) CAIR
9) SAICAR
10) AICAR
11) FAICAR
12) IMP

Front 12

1) Purine

Back 12

PRPP synthetase
hydrolysis of ATP--> AMP

Front 13

2) Purine

Back 13

Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
glutamine + H20 --> Glutamate + PP1

Front 14

3) Purine

Back 14

adition of glycine
hydrolysis of ATP --> ADP + Pi

Front 15

4) Purine

Back 15

addition of N10formyl tetrahydroflourate
goes to THF

Front 16

5) Purine

Back 16

Glutamine + ATP --> Glutamate + ADP + Pi

Front 17

6) Purine

Back 17

ATP --> ADP _Pi

Front 18

7) Purine

Back 18

addition of CO2

Front 19

8) Purine

Back 19

addition of aspartate
ATP --> ADP + Pi

Front 20

9) Purine

Back 20

fumerate leaves

Front 21

10) Purine

Back 21

N10 formyl tetrahedral flourate goes to THF

Front 22

11) Purine

Back 22

bye bye H20

Front 23

IMP pathway

Back 23

draw pathway

Front 24

1) IMP

Back 24

Adenylsuccinate synthetase
IMP--> Adenylsuccinate
addition of aspartate
GTP --> GDP + Pi
regulated by GTP

Front 25

2) IMP

Back 25

Adenylsuccinase lyase
bye bye fumerate
adenylsuccinate --> AMP

Front 26

3) IMP

Back 26

IMP dehydrogenase
IMP--> XMP
NAD + H20 --> NADH + H2O

Front 27

4) IMP

Back 27

GMP synthetase
XMP-->GMP
glutimate + ATP -->glutimine + AMP + PPi

Front 28

5) IMP

Back 28

AMP deaminase
H20 --> NH4
adenosine deaminase
H20 --> NH4

Front 29

6) IMP

Back 29

GMP reductase
NADPH --> NADP

Front 30

regulation AMP deaminase

Back 30

negative : GDP, GTP, Pi
positive: ATP, K+

Front 31

regulaton of GMP reductase

Back 31

negative: XMP
positive; GTP

Front 32

7) IMP

Back 32

nucleosidase
H2O--> Pi

Front 33

8) IMP

Back 33

Purine nucleotide phosphorylase
Pi --> ribose 1- phosphate
produces base

Front 34

9) IMP

Back 34

guanine deaminase
H20 --> NH4

Front 35

10) IMP

Back 35

Xanthine oxidase
O2 + H2O --> H202

Front 36

competitive inhibitors

Back 36

11) HGPRT
12) APRT

Front 37

11) IMP

Back 37

Hydroxythanine + PrPP --> IMP + PPi
Guanine + PRPP --> GMP + PPi
IMP and GMP competive inhibitors

Front 38

12) IMP

Back 38

Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
Adenine + PRPP --> AMP + PPi
AMP competitive inhibitor

Front 39

Deficiencies in purine synthesis

Back 39

#1 Purine Nucleotide Phosphorylase Deficiency
in enzyme 8
#2 severe combined Immunodeficinecy (SCID) in enzyme 5
#3 Lesch-Nylan Syndrome in enzyme 11
#4 primary gout in Purine pathway enzyme 1
#5 Von Gierkes disease
#6 Xanthurnia

Front 40

Defiency #1

Back 40

Purine nucleotide deficiency in enzyme number 8 (lack)
leads in increase in purine nucleotides
decrease uric acid formation
impaired T-cell function
less severe than SCID

Front 41

Deficiency #2

Back 41

Severe combined immunodeficiency SCID
enyzme: adenosine deaminase (8) lack of enzyme
leads to both T-Cell and B-cell dysfunction
early-dealth overwhelming infection
gene therary treatment

Front 42

Deficiency #3

Back 42

Lesch-Nylan Syndrome
also caused by Gout (deficiency)
enzyme deficiency in HGPRT (11) (lack of HGPRT functional gene)
X-linked

increase purine synthesis
neuroproblems
hyperuricemia
decrease IMP/GMP
increases PRPP

allipurnol

Front 43

allipurnol

Back 43

decreases deposition sodium urate crystals
becomes oxidized
to form alloxanthine
which is a negative inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
thus decrease uric formation

Front 44

Defiency #4

Back 44

Secondary gout
enzyme Purine 1: PRPP synthetase (increased activity)
causes hyperuricemia
overproduction of purine nucleotides
sodium urate crystals

Front 45

Hydroxyurea

Back 45

decreased nucleoside disphosphate reductase

Front 46

regulation of Glutamine-PrPP amidotransferase

Back 46

allosterically
inhibited: ATP, ADP, AMP
inhibited: GTP, GDP, GMP
stimulated: PRPP

Front 47

what happens when ADA is gone

Back 47

SCID
deoxyadenosine is usually phosphorylated to form dATP
50 fold amounts in lympocytes that contain alot of salvaging exzyme
dATP inhibits ribonucleotide synthetase, preventing dNTP
overall effect is the inhibition of DNA synthesis of the lympocytes
horrible infections

Front 48

clinical manefestation of Lesch-Nyhan

Back 48

severe symptoms of gout
severe malfunction of neurosystem because hyperuricemia (NH4+ is neurotoxic)
self-mutilation
death before 20th year

Front 49

Defiency #5

Back 49

Von Gierkes
Glucose 6 Phosphotatase
GNG enzyme #4
increase availibility of substrate (glucose 6-phosphate)
increases flux through HMP
increased ribose 5-phosphate
increased PRPP
increased purines
increased uric acid

Front 50

Deficiency #6

Back 50

xanthinuria
enzyme: xanthine oxdiase 10
lack
clinical: hyperuricemia, xanthine renal lithiasis

Front 51

RRPP is used for

Back 51

1) synthesis of purines
2) synthesis of pyrimidines
3) synthesis of NAD
4) salvage of nucleotide bases

Front 52

step 1 purines is inhibited by

Back 52

dinucleotides
ADP
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Front 53

step 1 purines is stimulated by

Back 53

inorganic phosphate

Front 54

where did ribose-5-phosphate come from

Back 54

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Front 55

three phases of purine synthesis

Back 55

1) formation of IMP
2) conversion of IMP to GMP
3) conversion of IMP to AMP

Front 56

regulation of step 2 purines

Back 56

PRPP amidotransferase
activated by PRPP
inhibited by AMP, GMP, IMP

Front 57

number of steps between 2 and 11

Back 57

9 steps

Front 58

name the purine bases

Back 58

adenine and guanine

Front 59

name the pyrimidine bases

Back 59

cytosine
uracil
thymine

Front 60

name the purine nucleoside

Back 60

base-ribose
adenosine
guanosine

Front 61

name the purine nucleotides

Back 61

AMP, GMP

Front 62

what is the nucleotide with the highest concentration

Back 62

ATP

Front 63

what is the order of nucleotide, nucleoside, and base prevalane

Back 63

1) nucleotide
2) nucleoside
3) base

Front 64

regulation of purine 6

Back 64

GMP reductase
inhibition: XMP
activation: GTP

Front 65

regulation of purine 5

Back 65

GDP, GTP, P inhibition
ATP, K activation

Front 66

regulation of purine 3

Back 66

inhibition GMP

Front 67

regulation of purine 1

Back 67

inhibition: AMP

Front 68

GTP stimulates

Back 68

IMP and AMP

Front 69

ATP stimulates

Back 69

IMP, GMP

Front 70

purine enzyme 9 is also called

Back 70

guanase

Front 71

regulation of HGPRTase

Back 71

GMP, IMP (inhibited)

Front 72

regulation of ARPTases

Back 72

inhibited by AMP

Front 73

sources of nucleotides

Back 73

1) Amino acids
2) Formate
3) CO2
4) PRPP

Front 74

purine nucleotide cycle

Back 74

1) AMP --> IMP
2) IMP--> Adenylosuccinate
3) Adenylosuccinate-->AMP

step 3 gives off a fumerate on the TCA cycle, to regenerate the muscle cells own source of energy

Front 75

urinary end product of purines

Back 75

uric acid