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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What connects the kidneys to the bladder?
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Ureters.
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How do the ureters move urine to the bladder?
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Through smooth muscle contraction.
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Where are common places for kidney stones to lodge?
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Three narrow points along the ureter.
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What are the three layers of the ureter?
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Adventia-outer fibrous
Muscularis-middle layer (outer circular and inner longitudinal smooth muscle) Inner Mucosa-transitional epithelium |
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What cells can be used to generate an engineered bladder?
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Autologous (donor is also receiver) uroepithelium.
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What are the layers of the bladder?
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Serosa-outer, virtually parietal peritoneum, on upper bladder
Detrusor muscle-smooth muscle arranged at angles Submucosa-connective tissue Mucosa-transitional epithelium |
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What is the trigone region of the bladder?
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Non-epandable triangle lower portion of bladder that receives both ureters and forms opening of urethra.
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What is the autonomic innervation of the bladder?
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S2-S4 parasympathetic fibers innervate post-ganglionic neurons in the walls of the bladder which lead to detrusor contraction.
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What innervates the internal sphincter in males?
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Sympathetic (remember contraction coincides with ejaculation).
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Why are women more prone to bladder (cystitis) infections?
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The relative shortness of the urethra.
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What are the four regions of the male urethra?
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Pre-prostatic-with smooth muscle internal sphincter
Prostatic-receives ducts from prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts Membranous-Thin walled with skeletal muscle external sphincter Penile urethra |
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Do women have an internal urethral sphincter?
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No. Only found in males.
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What is special about the external urethral sphincter?
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Because its skeletal muscle, it is unique that it holds tone (prevents urination) for long periods of time.
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What receptors in the bladder initiate urination and how do adults compensate?
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Stretch receptors send parasympathetic impulses to begin urination by detrusor contraction but higher brain function keeps external sphincter closed.
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Does stimulation or inhibition of the external sphincter lead to urination?
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Inhibition from neuron innervating sphincter will reduce tone and begin the process of urination.
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How much bloodier roughly passes through the kidneys per minute and why is this important?
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Over 1 liter (25% of cardiac output) which allows for high level of control over blood content.
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What is the blood vessel pathway through the kidney?
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1. Renal arteries
2. Interlobar arteries 3. Arcuate arteries 4. Interlobular arteries 5. Afferent arterioles 6. Glomerulus 7. Efferent arterioles 8. Vasa recta (from juxtamedullary glomerulus) or peritubular capillaries (from cortical nephrons) |
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What are characteristics and functions of peritubular capillaries?
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Low pressure compared to cortical glomerulus, supply renal cortex, and surround proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
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What are characteristics of vasa recta?
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From juxtamedullary glomerulus, descend straight down into medulla and pass blood slowly so as not to disturb osmolarity gradient, surround loops of Henle, meant to supply renal medulla.
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Describe the flow of blood past the vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.
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1. Interlobular veins (all peritubular capillaries and a few vasa recta)
2. Arcuate veins (most of the vasa recta) 3. Interlobar veins 4. Renal veins 5. Inferior vena cava |
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What cells contribute to the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Cells from the tunica media of afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule.
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What are the three cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what are there functions?
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1. Juxtaglomerular cells-large cells that secrete renin
2. Macula densa cells-from epithelium of distal convoluted tubule,sensitive to sodium chloride and can cause vasoconstriction or dilation of the afferent arteriole to alter filtering rate 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacks cells)-might transmit signals |
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What innervation causes juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin?
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Sympathetic stimulation caused by volume loss which is detected by baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinus
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Where are baroreceptors found in the kidney?
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Intrarenal baroreceptors in the afferent arterioles may stimulate juxtaglomerular cells
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Where is angiotensinogen found?
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It's a blood protein that is cleaved into angiotensin I by renin in the kidney.
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Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?
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By ACE found in lung epithelium and other tissues.
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What is the effect of angiotensin II?
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1. Vasoconstriction systemically and in the glomerular arterioles, thus reducing filtration rate and urine production.
2. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete mineralcorticoid aldosterone into blood. |
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Why is sympathetic stimulation of the kidney dangerous in heart attacks?
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Pressure drop causes sympathetic impulse which causes release of renin which eventually leads to volume increase and eventual overload which then increases pressure and can lead to pulmonary edema and the descending limb of Starling's curve
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