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221 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The first fire pumps in America were...
...manual piston pumps

Pump Ops [5]
The steam engine, as a power source was introduced when?
In the 1800's, requiring steam engineers for operation resulting in the title of "engineer" for modern pump operators.

Pump ops [6]
One rule that applies to all pump operators is that of...
...constant safety.

Pump Ops [7]
Three areas the duties of a pump operator can be grouped into:
•Preventative Maintenance
•Driving the Apparatus
•Pump Operations
Pump Ops [7]
Define: Pump Operations
The systematic movement of water from a supply source through a pump to a discharge point.

Pump Ops [8]
Three (3) interdependent activities of pump operations:
•Water supply
•Pump procedures
•Discharge maintenance
Pump Ops [8]
The minimal on-board water supply that must be provided per NFPA 1901:
300 gallons

Pump Ops [11]
What should be conducted for every pump operator candidate as a basic qualification per NFPA 1002?
A medical evaluation
What are the three reasons stated for studying fire pump operations?
•Economics
•Safety
•Professionalism
Pump Ops [14]
Define: Laws
Rules that are legally binding and enforceable.

Pump Ops [15]
Define: Standards
Guidelines that are not legally binding or enforceable by law unless they are adopted as such by a governing body.
NFPA 1500
OSHA Program

Pump Ops [16]
NFPA 1582
Medical Requirements for Fire Fighters

Pump Ops [16]
NFPA 1001
Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications

Pump Ops [16]
NFPA 1901
Automotive Fire Apparatus

Pump Ops [17]
What has been cited as a key factor in a number of emergency response accidents and pump failures?
Improper maintenance

Pump Ops [21]
Three (3) main levels of responsibility within a preventative maintenance program:
•First lies with fire department
•Next two divided between: pump operators; certified mechanics.

Pump Ops [22]
Define: Preventive Maintenance
Proactive activities taken to ensure that apparatus, pump, and related components remain in ready state and in peak operating performance.

Pump Ops [23]
Three (3) activities that preventive maintenance can be grouped into:
•Inspecting
•Servicing
•Testing
Pump Ops [23]
Inspections are conducted to...
...verify status of components.

Pump Ops [23]
Tests are conducted to...
...determine the performance of components.

Pump Ops [23]
NFPA 1002
Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications

Pump Ops [23]
Per NFPA 1500 when must an apparatus be inspected?
•at least weekly
•within 24 hours of use
•after repairs or major modifications
•prior to being placed in service
Pump Ops [24]
NFPA 1911
Service Tests of Fire Pump Systems on Fire Apparatus

Pump Ops [24]
NFPA 1901
Automotive Fire Apparatus - identifies minimum specific requirements that apply to all new automotive fire apparatus.

Pump Ops [24]
What is the pump capacity demarcation requiring service testing at least annually and after any major repair or modification?
250 GPM or greater

Pump Ops [24]
NFPA 1915
Fire Apparatus Preventive Maintenance Program

Pump Ops [25]
Preventive maintenance schedules include inspections for vehicles at the following frequencies:
•Daily
•Weekly
•Monthly
•Annually
Pump Ops [25]
Three (3) reasons that make apparatus maintenance documentation important?
- assists with keeping track of needed maintenance and repairs.
- provides ability to determine maintenance trends.
- used to establish proper preventative maintenance in a legal dispute.

Pump Ops [25]
What is the most frequently conducted preventive maintenance activity?
Inspections

Pump Ops [27]
The three (3)basic steps of an inspection process:
•Preinspection
•Actual Inspection
•Postinspection
Pump Ops [28]
The common sequence used to conduct the inspection includes the following:
1.Outside the vehicle
2.Engine compartment
3.Inside cab
4.Pump and related components
Pump Ops [28]
Two criteria that determine what components to include in a preventive maintanance program:
•Safety-related components
•Manufacturer's inspection recommendations
Pump Ops [29]
DOT required tire tread depths:
Front: 4/32
Rear: 2/23

Pump Ops [32]
Most, if not all, of the engine compartment inspection items can and should be completed when...
...the engine is not running.

Pump Ops [32]
The first letter of the API (American Petroleum Institute) two-digit oil classification system identifies...
the type of engine and is either:
S (service) indicating gasoline use
C (commercial) indicating diesel use

Pump Ops [33]
The second letter of the API (American Petroleum Institute) two-digit oil classification system indicates...
...the service class. Range from A to L, with L indicating the most recent and advanced performance properties. Current diesel categories are CF, CG, and CH

Pump Ops [33]
SAE oil classification uses a numbering system to grade or rate...
...oil viscosity. Range from 5-50 and can include a W rating which means the oil is rated for flow at 0 degrees fahrenheit.
What gas do batteries produce while recharging?
Hydrogen

Pump Ops [33]
NFPA 1901 requires new apparatus to have quick [air pressure] build-up times that can reach operating pressure within...
...60 seconds

Pump Ops [35]
When checking steering, turn the steering wheel until just before the wheels turn, the distance of which should not exceed...
...10 degrees, or 2" on a 20" wheel.

Pump Ops [36]
Keeping vehicles clean at all times is important for several reasons, two states reasons are:
- helps maintain good public image
- helps ensure the pump, systems, and equipment operate as intended.

Pump Ops [37]
Three (3) exceptions to the NFPA 1500 rule requiring all personnel be seated and properly secured with seat belts prior to movement of apparatus:
•Patient Treatment
•Loading of hose
•Tiller driver training
Pump Ops [49]
The NFPA 1002 standard identifies minimum requirements for fire department vehicle drivers and is divided into...
•General requirements
•Apparatus specific requirements
Pump Ops [49]
What four broad characteristics have been identified in the best drivers that react in a safe and appropriate manner?
•Knowledge and skill
•Attitude
•Physical and psychological fitness
•Maturity and responsibility
Pump Ops [51]
In regard to apparatus familiarity, drivers should be aware of vehicle...
•Physical characteristics
•handling characteristics
•Control systems
•Emergency warning systems
Pump Ops [52]
What are two common safety related apparatus operating errors?
•Operation as if it were a personal vehicle.
•Failure to change driving techniques to compensate for changing driving conditions.
Pump Ops [54]
Define: Total Stopping Distance
Time a hazard is detected until the vehicle comes to a complete stop.

Pump Ops [55]
Components of Total Stopping Distance:
•Perception distance
•Reaction distance
•Braking distance
Pump Ops [55]
Define: Perception Distance
Distance the apparatus travels from the time the hazard is seen until the brain recognizes it as a hazard.

Pump Ops [55]
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Define: Reaction Distance
Distance of travel from time the brain sends the message to depress the brakes until the brakes are depressed.

Pump Ops [55]
Define: Braking distance
The distance of travel from the time the brake is depressed until the vehicle comes to a complete stop.
Steering is a function of...
...traction.

Pump Ops [56]
...the tendency to move outward from the center is the definition of:
Centrifugal force

Pump Ops [56]
Two ways to ensure the safe control of a stationary apparatus:
•Wheel chocks (2 per 1901 & 1904)
•and properly aligning the front wheels.
Pump Ops [58]
Audible warning devices are most effective...
...directly ahead of the apparatus.

Pump Ops [64]
Define: Pumps
Mechanical devices that raise and transfer liquids from one point to another.

Pump Ops [73]
Pumps on an apparatus play an important role in a municipal water distribution system in that they...
...boost pressure and flows to move water from hydrants to the scene & provide some degree of safety from pressure surges.

Pump Ops [74-75]
Terms used to describe the efficiency of a pump:
•Flow
•Pressure
•Speed
•Slippage
Pump Ops [75]
Two broad categories of pumps based on operating principles:
•Positive displacement
•Dynamic
Pump Ops [76]
Three broad categories of pumps based on intended use:
•Main
•Priming
•Auxiliary
Pump Ops [76]
Two important principles fundamental to the operation of positive displacement pumps:
1.Water is virtually noncompressable under normal conditions.
2.When pressure is applied to a confined liquid, the same pressure is transmitted within the liquid equally.
Pump Ops [77]
Two main types of positive displacement pumps:
- piston
- rotary

Pump Ops [79]
Rotary pump divisions:
- gear
- vane
- lobe

Pump Ops [79]
Efficiency of displacement pumps are related to:
close fitting parts.

Pump Ops [79]
Three parts of a piston pump:
piston, discharge valve and intake valve

PO [80]
Newton's First Law of motion:
a moving body travels in a straight line with constant speed (velocity) unless affected by an outside force.

PO 85
Centrifugal pump performance is contingent on what three interrelated factors?
•Flow
•Pressure of the water discharged
•Speed of the pump
PO [86]
Three other important operating characteristics of centrifugal pumps:
•Intake pressure
•Slippage
•Need for priming
PO [86]
The moving parts of a centrifugal pump:
Impeller.

PO [86]
The impeller is typically mounted _____ to the casing. The void space created by the design is called the ______ .
Eccentric; volute

PO [88]
Functions of the volute:
•converts velocity to pressure
•allows for increases in water flow created by the impeller.
•directs water from the impeller to the discharge
•helps to streamline water, reducing pressure loss due to turbulence.
PO [88]
Standard pump capacities:
750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500, 3000

PO [91]
Pumps are required to pump their rated capacity as follows:
•100% at 150psi.
•70% at 200psi.
•50% at 250psi.
PO [91]
Ways a pump can be mounted:
•Directly to crankshaft
•PTO
•Split-shaft transmission
PO [92]
Three (3) categories of pump peripherals:
•Instrumentation
•Control valves
•Systems
PO [99]
Number, type, and location of pump peripherals on a pump panel are affected by what factors?
•Size and type of pump
•Intended use
•Manfacturer preferences
PO [101]
What limitations does NFPA 1901 place on pump panel discharges?
Only 2.5" or smaller discharges can be locatedon the pump panel.

PO [102]
What is the greatest disadvantage to the traditional location of a pump panel?
Safety via intake and discharge line connections, passing vehicles, and limited visibility of the scene.

PO [106]
What is the major reason for having a top mounted pump panel?
Reduction of the likelihood of pump operators being hit by traffic.

PO [108]
Explain: Compound Guage
A gauge that reads both positive pressure and negative pressure.

PO [110]
Explain: Buordon tube Gauge
Most common pressure gauge found on pump panels. Consists of a small curved tube filled with liquid.

PO [111]
Type of gauge used for the main pump intake:
Compound Gauge: Reads from 30mmHg to at least 300psi.

PO [112]
Type of gauge used for the main pump discharge:
Positive pressure gauge: required to be mounted within 8 inches of the intake gauge.

PO [112]
Define: Indicators
Loosely categorized as all instrumentation on the pump panel other than pressure gauges or flow meters, most common being engine indicators.

PO [114]
NFPA 1901 states that intakes and discharges __ inches or larger must have ___ ___ control mechanisms.
3, slow acting

PO [116]
NFPA 1901 requirements for intakes:
indications of minimum number and size of intakes per rated capacity of the pump.

PO [117]
Per NFPA 1901, all 3.5" or larger intakes with a control valve must also have an:
automatice pressure relief device.

PO [118]
As a rule of thumb, a pump will have ___ 2.5" discharge for each ___gpm of rated capacity.
one, 250

PO [118]
Two pressure regulators commonly found on pumps are:
•Pressure relief devices (relieve pressure buildup by sending excess pressure to the intake side of the pump)
•Pressure governors (control pressure buildup by controlling the speed of the engine)
PO [122]
Pressure regulating systems must operate within __ to __ seconds after an increase of __psi above the set discharge pressure.
3, 10, 30

PO [122]
What caution should be taken with radiator fill system?
The system is capable of cooling the engine too rapidly resulting in a cracked head or block.

PO [126]
Four types of foam proportioning systems:
•Premixed
•In-line eductor
•Around-the-pump
•Balanced Pressure
PO [127-128]
NFPA 1961
Standard on Fire Hose
NFPA 1962
Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Ifre Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Hose.
NFPA 1963
Standard for Fire Hose Connections
NFPA 1964
Standard for Spray Nozzles
NFPA 1965
Standard for Fire Hose Appliances
NFPA 1961 defines fire hose as:
"flexible conduit used to convey water."

PO [139]
Two broad classifications of hose:
•Intake or Supply
•Discharge or Attack

PO [139]
Large Diameter Hose:
any hose with a diameter of 3.5" or larger.

PO [139]
Supply hose has a minimum trade size diameter of:
3.5" which means they are also classified as large diameter

PO [139]
Supply hose cannot be operated at pressures exceeding:
185psi.

PO [139]
Soft sleeve hose:
•typically a shorter section of supply hose with female couplings on both ends.
•ranges in size from 2.5" to 6"
PO [139]
Suction hose:
•designed to prevent collapse under vacuum conditions.
•size range from 2.5" to 6"
•typically 10' in length
PO [139]
Attack Hose
•designed to combat fires beyond the incipient stage
•woven jacket or rubber-covered
•range in size from 1 to 3 inches
•highest operating pressure of 275psi.
PO [140]
Most common lug on threaded couplings:
rocker lug

PO [142]
three main types of hose clamps:
press, screw, and hydraulic

PO [142]
Service test pressure for hose:
Attack - 250psi
Supply - 200psi

Service test pressure should be stenciled on hose.

PO [146]
According to NFPA 1965 appliances must have a maximum operating pressure of:
200psi

PO [147]
Most nozzles are designed for an operating pressure of either:
50, 75, 80 100psi

PO [153]
The amount of water flowing from a nozzle is a function of:
discharge orifice of the nozzle. The larger the orifice, the more water the nozzle is capable of flowing.

PO [153]
Increased pressure is converted to:
velocity, or speed, which determines "nozzle reach"

PO [153]
Stream shape after it leaves a nozzle is determined by:
Type and function of the nozzle.

PO [154]
Newton's Third Law of motion:
"for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction"

PO [154]
Two groupings that the vast majority of nozzles can be placed in:
Smooth bore or combination

PO [155]
General notes about smooth bore nozzles:
•Designed to produce a compact, solid stream of water with extended reach.
•nozzle diameter determines quantity of water
•hand lines - tip sizes up to 1-1/8, with pressure of 50psi
•master stream - tip sizes of 1-1/4 or larger with pressure of 80psi
PO [155]
General notes about Combination nozzles:
•designed to provide both straight stream and a wide fog patterns.
•majority designed to operate at 100psi, low pressure nozzles operate at 75psi
PO [155]
Three groups combination nozzles can be divided into:
•Fixed-flow
•Selectable flow
•Automatic flow
PO [156]
Selectable flow nozzles provide the ability to:
change the flow at the nozzle; when changes are made adjustments must be made at the pump to maintain nozzle pressure.

PO [156]
Automatic nozzles are designed to maintain:
a constant nozzle pressure over a wide range of flows. caution pattern tends to look good when you don't have an appropriate GPM flow.

PO [156]
A newer feature on some automatic nozzles is the ability to:
switch between two operating pressures: 60 psi or 100psi

PO [157]
Fire pump operations consist of three (3) interrelated activities:
•Securing a water supply
•Operating the pump
•Maintaining discharge pressures
PO [163]
Water supplies come from three (3) kinds of sources:
•Apparatus
•Static
•Pressurized
PO [164]
The most common type of pressurized source is:
a municipal water supply

PO [164]
The following considerations should be included in the preplanning and selection of water supply:
•Required Flow
•Pump capacity
•Supply hose capacity
•Water availability
•Supply reliability
•Supply layout
PO [164-166]
Several factors that contribute to the availability of water:
•Quantity
•Flow
•Pressure
•Accessability
PO [165]
NFPA 1901 specifications of minimum tank capacity for fire apparatus:
Initial Attack: 200gpm
Pumper: 300 gal
Mobile water: 1,000 gal

Tank to pump must be 250gpm for tanks <500gal; 500gpm for tanks >500gal.
municipal water systems commonly provide water for two purposes:
water for normal consumption & for emergency use

PO[169]
Typical distribution system pipe sizes:
Feeder Mains: 16" or larger
Secondary feeder mains: 12-14"
Distributors: 6-8"

Major factor for pipe size in a system is the ability to provide the required flow.

PO [172]
Interconnected (loop or grid) systems offer what important features:
•water from two or more directions, helping reduce friction loss
•damage or maintenance can be isolated
•high demand in one area will not adversely affect another area as much as if a grid system were not in place
PO [172-173]
Two (2) broad types of control valves used in distribution sustems:
Indicating & non-indicating

PO [173]
Two common types of indicating valves:
•OS&Y (outside screw and yoke)
•PIV (post indicating valve)
PO [173]
Three (3) main advantages of municipal water supplies:
•readily available supply of water over an expanded geographical area
•hydrant flows can be determined in advance
•can provide sustained supply for a specific time frame (typically 2-10 hours)
PO [179]
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Large Diameter Hose: any hose with a diameter of 3.5" or larger.

PO [139]
Supply hose has a minimum trade size diameter of: 3.5" which means they are also classified as large diameter

PO [139]
Supply hose cannot be operated at pressures exceeding: 185psi.

PO [139]
Soft sleeve hose: •typically a shorter section of supply hose with female couplings on both ends.
•ranges in size from 2.5" to 6"
PO [139]
Suction hose: •designed to prevent collapse under vacuum conditions.
•size range from 2.5" to 6"
•typically 10' in length
PO [139]
Attack Hose •designed to combat fires beyond the incipient stage
•woven jacket or rubber-covered
•range in size from 1 to 3 inches
•highest operating pressure of 275psi.
PO [140]
Most common lug on threaded couplings: rocker lug

PO [142]
three main types of hose clamps: press, screw, and hydraulic

PO [142]
Service test pressure for hose: Attack - 250psi
Supply - 200psi

Service test pressure should be stenciled on hose.

PO [146]
According to NFPA 1965 appliances must have a maximum operating pressure of: 200psi

PO [147]
Most nozzles are designed for an operating pressure of either: 50, 75, 80 100psi

PO [153]
The amount of water flowing from a nozzle is a function of: discharge orifice of the nozzle. The larger the orifice, the more water the nozzle is capable of flowing.

PO [153]
Increased pressure is converted to: velocity, or speed, which determines "nozzle reach"

PO [153]
Stream shape after it leaves a nozzle is determined by: Type and function of the nozzle.

PO [154]
Newton's Third Law of motion: "for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction"

PO [154]
Two groupings that the vast majority of nozzles can be placed in: Smooth bore or combination

PO [155]
General notes about smooth bore nozzles: •Designed to produce a compact, solid stream of water with extended reach.
•nozzle diameter determines quantity of water
•hand lines - tip sizes up to 1-1/8, with pressure of 50psi
•master stream - tip sizes of 1-1/4 or larger with pressure of 80psi
PO [155]
General notes about Combination nozzles: •designed to provide both straight stream and a wide fog patterns.
•majority designed to operate at 100psi, low pressure nozzles operate at 75psi
PO [155]
Three groups combination nozzles can be divided into: •Fixed-flow
•Selectable flow
•Automatic flow
PO [156]
Selectable flow nozzles provide the ability to: change the flow at the nozzle; when changes are made adjustments must be made at the pump to maintain nozzle pressure.

PO [156]
Automatic nozzles are designed to maintain: a constant nozzle pressure over a wide range of flows. caution pattern tends to look good when you don't have an appropriate GPM flow.

PO [156]
A newer feature on some automatic nozzles is the ability to: switch between two operating pressures: 60 psi or 100psi

PO [157]
Fire pump operations consist of three (3) interrelated activities: •Securing a water supply
•Operating the pump
•Maintaining discharge pressures
PO [163]
Water supplies come from three (3) kinds of sources: •Apparatus
•Static
•Pressurized
PO [164]
The most common type of pressurized source is: a municipal water supply

PO [164]
The following considerations should be included in the preplanning and selection of water supply: •Required Flow
•Pump capacity
•Supply hose capacity
•Water availability
•Supply reliability
•Supply layout
PO [164-166]
Several factors that contribute to the availability of water: •Quantity
•Flow
•Pressure
•Accessability
PO [165]
NFPA 1901 specifications of minimum tank capacity for fire apparatus: Initial Attack: 200gpm
Pumper: 300 gal
Mobile water: 1,000 gal

Tank to pump must be 250gpm for tanks <500gal; 500gpm for tanks >500gal.

PO [167] PO [167]
municipal water systems commonly provide water for two purposes: water for normal consumption & for emergency use

PO[169]
Typical distribution system pipe sizes: Feeder Mains: 16" or larger
Secondary feeder mains: 12-14"
Distributors: 6-8"

Major factor for pipe size in a system is the ability to provide the required flow.

PO [172]
Interconnected (loop or grid) systems offer what important features: •water from two or more directions, helping reduce friction loss
•damage or maintenance can be isolated
•high demand in one area will not adversely affect another area as much as if a grid system were not in place
PO [172-173]
Two (2) broad types of control valves used in distribution sustems: Indicating & non-indicating

PO [173]
Two common types of indicating valves: •OS&Y (outside screw and yoke)
•PIV (post indicating valve)
PO [173]
Three (3) main advantages of municipal water supplies: •readily available supply of water over an expanded geographical area
•hydrant flows can be determined in advance
•can provide sustained supply for a specific time frame (typically 2-10 hours)
PO [179]
Several factors that may reduce the reliability of a municipal supply source:
•Flow may decrease based on gradual increase in municipal consumption
•Normal deterioration of piping and components
PO [182]
An important requirement in relation to hard suction and pumps...
...is to match the size of the suction to the rated capacity of the pump.

PO [184]
Water is forced into a pump by atmospheric pressure at what rate?
2.3 feet for each 1 psi of pressure.

PO [185]
Define: Theoretical Lift
With creation of 0 psi, perfect vacuum, atmospheric pressure will only force water to approximately 33.81 vertical feet.

Rule of Thumb i.e. reality is 22.5 feet or 2/3 of theoretical lift.

PO [186]
Three (3) factors that affect static water supply reliability:
•Supply itself - environmental factors etc.
•Pump and equipment used to draft the source
•Pump operator
PO [188]
What is important to remember about hard suction placement?
Do not place over an object that is higher than the pump intake.

PO [189]
Relay operation require how many pumps and additional pumps are called:
Two - supply pump and attack pump
Additional pumps are in-line pumps.

PO [189]
When setting up a relay operation, the largest pump should be placed...
...at the source when possible.

PO [190]
The major difference between a relay operation and a pump operating in the series mode...
...is the ability to independently control changes in pressure and flow. When the pumps are connected and flowing, changes in pressures and flows in one pump affect the entire system.

PO [190]
Two types of relays that can be used:
•Closed - water enters the relay at the supply and progresses through the system to the attack pump.
•Open - flow and pressure are not contained within the total system.
Three methods of setting up an open relay system:
•dedicated open discharge line from attack pump to flow excess water.
•delivery of relay water directly into a portable tank rahter than directly into the attack pump intake
•take advantage of new automatic intake and discharge relief valve requirements.
PO [191]
Factors to evaluate in designing a relay:
•Amount of water to flow
•Available water at supply
•Size and number of pumps available
•Size and length of supply hose available
•Distance from the source to the incident
Weakest of these factors will be the limiting factor of the relay design. PO [191]
Equation for determing distance water can travel until pressure is reduced to 20psi:
(PDP-20) x 100/FL

PO [194]
Two general reasons for tanker shuttle operations:
1. When pressures and flow from the supply source or pump, hose size, and distance limit the ability to move water from the supply to the incident. 2. When obstacles such as elevation, winding roads, intersections, and railroad crossings limit the use of other supply methods PO [195]
Components of a tanker shuttle include...
...multiple tankers, pumps, a fill site, and a dump site.

PO [195]
According to NFPA 1901, tankers should have a minimum capacity of...
...1000 gallons; be able to fill and unload at a rate of 1,000gpm.

PO [195]
Define: Shuttle Flow Capacity
the volume of water that can be pumped without running out of water.

PO [200]
Define: Shuttle Cycle Time
the total time it takes to dump water and return with another load.

PO [200]
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Front Back
Define: Shuttle Flow Capacity

the volume of water that can be pumped without running out of water.

PO [200]

Define: Shuttle Cycle Time

the total time it takes to dump water and return with another load.

PO [200]

Individual shuttle tanker flow capabilities can be determined by...
...dividing tank volume by the time it takes to complete a cycle.

PO [201]
When positioning pumping apparatus there are several things to consider with regard to surroundings:
Radiant heat
Collapse potential
Power lines
Escape route
Wind direction
Terra firma

PO [209]
NFPA 1901 states a dry pump must be able to achieve prime within:
30 seconds for pumps rated at <1500 gpm
45 seconds for pumps rated at >1500 gpm

PO [214]
Rule of thumb for pumping in pressure or volume mode:
volume - expected flows will be >50% of rating or pressure <150psi.

pressure - expected flows will be <50% of rating or when pressures >150psi.
NFPA 1901 now requires the use of intake pressure relief valves...
...to dump excessive pressure before it reaches the pump (must be adjustable.)

PO [219]
Define: Dual Pumping
One hydrant supplies two pumps.

PO [224]
Define: Tandem Pumping
Similar to dual pumping in that one hydrant supplies two pumps; the difference is that the first pumper pumps all its water to the second pumper as in a relay operation.

PO [225]
Acceptance tests are performed:
upon delivery of a new apparatus, pump and related components.

PO [226]
According to NFPA 1911 all pumps rated at ___gpm or higher must be tested _____.
250, annually

PO [227]
Environmental conditions established by NFPA 1911 include:
- Temperature between 0o and 1100F
- Water temp between 350 and 900F
- Barometric pressure a minimum of 29in. Hg corrected to sea level.

PO [227]
Vacuum Test parameters:
Obtain a minimum vacuum of 22 in. Hg which must be maintained for five minutes with no more than a 10in. Hg drop in vacuum.

PO [227]
Define: Discharge Maintenance
The ensuring that pressures and flows on the discharge side of the pump are properly inititated and maintained.

PO [236]
Common tasks requiring changes in pump operation that may require planning:
- Pausing of ops
- Extending pump ops
- Secure alternate supply
- Supply hoseline break
- Judging ability to add lines; best manner to supply them

PO [237]
Discharge flows are controlled by...
...pump speed and discharge valves.

PO [237]
When adding or removing lines, a good pump operator will...
...not have a noticeable increase or decrease in pressure.

PO [238]
Friction Loss Equation
CQ2L

PO [238]
When adding a line of less pressure:
Feather the control valve open for the new line until the proper setting is reached. Total GPM should increase so pump speed may need to increase.

PO [240]
When adding a line of equal pressure:
Feather open the new line until desired pressure is reached while increasing throttle to maintain pressure on original line.

PO [240]
When adding a line of greater pressure:
feather new line to current line pressure while maintaining throttle, when pressure equalizes feather the current lines down while increasing RPM to increase pressure on new line.

PO [240]
When removing a line:
Slowly close the control valve on the line being removed, lowering throttle to maintain proper pressure on remaining lines.

PO [240]
Special attentions that need to be made during extended operations lasting >4 hrs:
oil pressure
fuel levels

PO [243]
Several conditions that may be encountered that effect the ability to safely and efficiently conduct pump ops:
Water hammer
Cavitation
Effects of environmental factors

PO [244]
Primary cause of cavitation is...
...the effect of pressure zones in the pump as they act on water.

PO [245]
Interior sprinkler systems are designed to:
keep fire growth contained or to extinguish.

PO [248]
Exterior sprinkler systems are designed to:
Primarily protect exposed properties from the spread or extension of fire.

PO [248]
Types of valves used to initiate water flow to a sprinkler system:
Main operating valve
Dry pipe valve
Preaction valve
Deluge valve

PO [249]
Three (3) basic sprinkler head designs:
Upright
Pendant
Sidewall

All these work at a fixed discharge rate and pattern.

PO [249]
Four (4) basic types of sprinkler systems:
Wet pipe
Dry pipe
Deluge
Preaction

PO [249]
Wet pipe system charactersitics:
contains water, under pressure, from the source to the sprinkler head; sprinkler heads are closed.

PO [250]
Dry pipe system characteristics:
Contain compressed air which keeps water supply valve closed with a differential valve; must be capable of discharging water in less than 60 seconds.

PO [251]
Preaction System characteristics:
A combination of wet and dry pipe in that piping is void of water; sprinkler heads are closed but difference is that a preaction valve is activated by seperate detection system that charges the system with water at which point it performs as a wet pipe system.


PO [251]
Deluge System characteristics:
Differs from a preaction system in that ALL sprinkler heads are open. Used when rapid fire spread is a concern.

PO [251]
Three (3) classes of standpipe systems:
Class I - 2.5" connections for firefighter use.
Class II - 1.5" hose stations and for trained personnel
Class III - 1.5" & 2.5" for FF use; some may have 1" hose for light hazard occupancies

PO [253]
Flow requirements for Class I & III standpipe systems:
minimum flow of 500gpm; each additional shall flow 250gpm not to exceed 1,250 gpm. Adequate water supply must be available to sustain 30 minutes.

PO [253]
Five (5) basic types of standpipe systems:
Automatic Dry - air under pressure
Automatic Wet - filled with water
Semiautomatic Dry - dry pipe with remote activation
Manual Dry - no auto supply of water
Manual Wet - wet pipe without permanently connected water supply.

PO [253-4]
Exact weight of 1 gallon of water:
8.34 lbs.

PO [261]
Define: Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted on the atmosphere by molecules as they evaporate from the surface of the liquid.

PO [263]
Define: Boiling Point
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding pressure.

PO [263]
Define: Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat that is absorbed or released when water changes physical states. Measured in BTUs

PO [264]
Define: Specific heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree F.

PO [264]
Density of freshwater:
62.4 lb/ft3 at 50 degrees and 14.7 psi atmospheric pressure.

PO [264]
Define: Pressure
the force exerted by a substance in units of weight per unit area represented by: P=F/A

PO [269]
Define: Force
Pushing or pulling action on an object: F=PxA

PO [270]
Pressure Principle 1:
The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is equal in every direction. (Basis of buoyancy)

PO [271]
Pressure Principle 2:
The pressure of a fluid acting on a surface is perpendicular to that surface.

PO [271]
Pressure Principle 3:
External pressure applied to a confined liquid (fluid) is transmitted equally throughout the liquid.

PO [272]
Pressure Principle 4:
The pressure at any point beneath the surface of a liquid in an open container is directly proportional to its depth.

PO [272]
Pressure Principle 5:
The pressure exerted at the bottom of a container is independent of the shape or volume of the container.

PO [274]
Explain difference between psig and psia:
psig - pressure reading less atmospheric.

psia - pressure reading including atmosphere.


PO [275]
Percent drop in pressure = what available aditional flows?
0-10% 3x original flow
11-15% 2x original flow
16-25% 1x original flow

PO [277]
Friction Loss Principle 1:
Friction loss varies directly with hose length if all other variables are held constant.

PO [280]
Friction Loss Principle 2:
With all other variables held constant, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the flow.

PO [280]
Friction Loss Principle 3:
When the flow remains constant, friction loss varies inversely with hose diameter.

PO [280]
Friction Loss Principle 4:
For any given velocity, the friction loss will be about the same regardless of water pressure.

PO [280]
Equation for nozzle reaction in smooth-bore nozzles:
NR=1.57 x D2 x NP

PO [282]
Equation for nozzle reaction in combination nozzles:
NR=gpm x √NP x .0505

For fireground use: NR=gpm x .5

PO [283]
Number of gallons of water in one cubic foot:
7.48

PO [291]
ISO formula for determining fire flow:
NFF = C x O x (X+P)

C - construction factor
O - occupancy factor
X+P - exposure factor

PO [292]
Iowa State Formula for fire flow:
F = V/100 or 0.01(V)

PO [293]
National Fire Academy Formula:
NF = A/3 or 0.333(A)

PO [294]
Smoothbore GPM equation:
Q = 29.7(D2)(√NP) or

NP50=210(D2)
NP80=270(D2)
The easiest method for ensuring that nozzles are provided with the proper flow and pressure is...
...with flow meters.

PO [298]
Most accurate friction loss equation:
cq2l

c - constant for hose diameter
q2 - gpm/100
L - hose length/100

PO [301&306]
The hand method of friction loss calculation is used for:
friction loss in 100' sections of 2.5" hose.

PO [302]
The drop ten method of friction loss calculation is used for:
friction loss in 100' sections of 2.5" hose but can be used not as accurately for other sizes.

PO [303]
Friction loss equation for 2.5" 100' cotton jacketed hose with flows >100gpm.
FL = 2q2 + q

PO [304]
Friction loss equation for 2.5" 100' cotton jacketed hose with flows <100gpm.
FL = 2q2 + .5q

PO [304]
"Condensed Q" Friction loss equation for 3" hose:
FL = q2

PO [305]
Pump Disharge Pressure equation:
PDP = NP+FL+AFL+EL

PO [317]