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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viral rhinitis
- Most common etiologies? |
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus Coronavirus |
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Viral pharyngitis
- Most common etiologies? |
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus Coronavirus |
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Bacterial pharyngitis
- most common etiology |
Group A B-hemolytic streptococcus
AKA: Strep Pyogenes. |
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Streptococci
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Gram + cocci in chains.
Oxidase - ; Catalase - ; Facultative anaerobes. |
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Bacterial pharyngitis
- treatment |
B-lactam antibiotics:
PCN, amoxicillin, etc. |
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Bacterial Pharyngitis:
- Complications |
-Rheumatic heart disease
-Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Characterized by high antistreptolysin O titer. |
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Tonsillar infections
- most common etiology |
Group A B-hemolytic streptococci
aka Strep pyogenes. typically spread from pharyngitis to palantine tonsils |
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How does tonsilitis differ from pharyngitis in presentation?
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Often higher fever, ear pain, Inc difficulty swallowing, Tonsillar exudates.
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Tonsillar infection:
- complication |
Airway compromise
Abscess (peritonsilar abscess) |
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Peritonsillar abscess
- signs |
Difficulty opening mouth
Asymmetrical tonsils Displacement of uvula away from abscess |
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Peritonsillar abscess
- management |
IV antibiotics + Surgical I&D
& Post-resolution tonsillectomy. |
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Tidal Volume
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inspiratory volume during normal respiration
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Inspiratory Capacity
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IC = TV + IRV
total air volume inspired from normal expiration status. |
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Residual volume
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Remaining air volume left in lung following maximal expiration
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Functional Reserve Capacity
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FRC = RV + ERV
Reserve normally remaining in lungs after normal expiration. |
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Functional Vital Capacity
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FVC = IRV + TV + ERV
Maximal air volume that can be inspired and expired. |
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Total lung capcity
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TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV
Total air volume of the lungs. |
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Changes in PFTs with Obstructive Lung disease
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Inc: Total Lung Capacity.
Dec: FVC, FEV1 & FEV1/FVC Very Dec: FRC FEV1/FVC <0.7 |
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Changes in PFTs with Restrictive Lung disease
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Dec: TLC, FVC, RV, FRC, FEV1.
Normal - Increased FEV1/FVC (normal to >1.1) |
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Influenza:
- symptoms |
Headache, Fever (>100*F), Sore throat, Chills, Myalgias, Malaise, Cough, Anorexia, Nasal congestion, N/V/D
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Influenza
- treatment |
Fluid Intake, sx/supportive treatment.
Amantadine, Oseltamavir, Zanamivir may shorten course but resistance is present. |
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Acute Sinusitis
- most likely etiologies |
Streptococcus pnumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis viral infection |
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Chronic Sinusitis
- Clinical picture |
sinusitis > 3 month duration
typical associate with sinus obstruction, anaerobic infections. DM predisposed to mucormycosis (fungal infection) |
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Sinusitis:
- Diagnostic testing |
CT
- opacification & fluid levels seen in affected sinuses = diagnostic. |
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Sinusitis:
- Treatment - acute v chronic |
Acute: Amoxicillin x 2 wks
Chronic: Amoxicillin x 6-12 wks +/- surgical drainage/correction. |
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Use of PFTs
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- Diagnose / characterize lung processes & volume changes.
- Assess severity of dx - Evaluate/monitor tx |
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A-a gradient
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Comparison of oxygenation of arterial blood v alveoli.
Normal = 5-15 mmHg |
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Indications for Increased & False-normal A-a gradient
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Inc: Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmoary edema, R->L vascular shunt
False-normal: hypoventilation, high altitude |
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Calculate PA O2
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150 mmHg - (PaCO2/0.8)
(atm x FiO2) - (PaCO2/0.8) |
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Acute bronchitis
- clinical picture |
= Inflammation of Trachea & Bronchi
- productive cough, sore throat, fever, wheeze, tight breath sound |
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Acute bronchitis
- most common etiology in Non-smoker |
#1 : Viral
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Acute bronchitis
- most common etiology in Smoker |
#1: Viral
Streptococcus pneumonia & Haemophilus influenzae |
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Acute bronchitis
- treatment |
viral: supportive/sx tx
bacterial: supportive + antibiotics - floroquinolones, tetracycline, erythromycin |
