• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/245

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

245 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Speech given by an individual who is being recognized,
Acceptance speech
Argument in which a speaker rejects another speaker’s claim based on that speaker’s character rather than the evidence the speaker presents also called the against the person fallacy.
Ad hominem fallacy
Argument in which a speaker appeals to popular attitudes and emotions without of ering evidence to support claims.
Ad ignorantiam fallacy
Argument in which a speaker suggests that because a claim hasn’t been shown to be false, it must be TRUE also called an appeal to ignorance.
Ad populum fallacy
Repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the i rst consonant.
Alliteration
Comparing two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggesting that what holds TRUE for one also holds TRUE for the other.
Analogical reasoning
A type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that it resembles.
Analogy
A brief narrative.
Anecdotes
Juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure.
Antithesis
An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topic but not interested in it.
Apathetic audience
Use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience.
Appeals to cultural belief (mythos)
Use of the audience’s perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable to influence an audience.
Appeals to speaker credibility (ethos)
Argument in which a speaker asserts that the status quo is better than any new idea or approach.
Appeal to tradition fallacy
Presenting claims and supporting them with evidence and reasoning.
Argument
The way the ideas in a speech are organized.
Arrangement
The physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible.
Articulation
The first element of an introduction, designed mainly to create interest in a speech.
Attention getter
How an individual feels about something.
Attitude
The intended recipients of a speaker’s message.
Audience
Obtaining and evaluating information about an audience in order to anticipate their needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them.
Audience analysis
Describes a speaker who acknowledges the audience by considering and listening to the unique, diverse, and common perspectives of its members before, during, and after the speech.
Audience centered
Adapting a speech to a specific situation and audience.
Audience-centered communication
A questionnaire used by speakers to assess the knowledge and opinions of audience members can take the form of an email, web-based, or in-class survey.
Audience research questionnaires
Speech that recognizes individuals to celebrate something they have done well.
Award presentation
Argument in which a speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion or asserts that the validity of the conclusion is self-evident also called circular reasoning.
Begging the question
An observable action.
Behavior
Something an individual accepts as TRUE or existing.
Belief
A source’s complete citation, including author, date of publication, title, place of publication, and publisher.
Bibliographic information
Short for web log a web page that a blog writer, or blogger, updates regularly with topical entries.
Blogs
The middle (main) part of a speech includes main and subordinate points.
Body
The free-form generation of ideas in which individuals think of and record ideas without evaluating them.
Brainstorming
The number assigned to each book or bound publication in a library to identify that book in the library’s classification system.
Call number
Individuals who feel they must attend an event.
Captive audiences
Argument in which a speaker misrepresents another speaker’s argument so that only a weak shell of the original argument remains also called the straw man fallacy.
Caricature fallacy
Linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other.
Causal reasoning
A pattern that organizes a speech by showing how an action produces a particular outcome.
Cause-and-effect pattern
A mode or medium of communication.
Channel
A pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence.
Chronological pattern
A position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept.
Claim
An expression so overused that it fails to have any important meaning.
Clichés
A question that limits the possible responses, asking for very specific information.
Closed-ended questions
Forcing someone to think a certain way or making someone feel compelled to act under pressure or threat.
Coercion
An obvious and plausible connection among ideas.
Coherence
The psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another.
Communication climate
Argument in which a speaker uses statistics or compares numbers in ways that misrepresent the evidence and mislead the audience.
Comparative evidence fallacy
The qualifications a speaker has to talk about a particular topic.
Competence
A formal outline using full sentences for all points developed after researching the speech and identifying supporting materials includes a speech’s topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, introduction, main points, subpoints, conclusion, transitions, and references.
Complete-sentence outline
The end of a speech, in which the speaker reviews the main points, reinforces the purpose, and provides closure. In reasoning, a primary claim or assertion.
Conclusion
A unique meaning for a word based on an individual’s own experiences.
Connotative meanings
The situation within which a speech is given.
Context
A type of intellectual property law that protects an author’s original work (such as a play, book, song, or movie) from being used by others.
Copyright
A statement about the legal rights of others to use an original work, such as a song (lyrics and melody), story, poem, photograph, or image.
Copyright information
An audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability.
Credibility
Differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe.
Cultural diversity
Prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting.
Cultural norms
Values, beliefs, and activities shared by a group.
Culture
How recent information is— the more recent it is, the more current it is.
Currency
Reasoning from a general condition to a specific case.
Deductive reasoning
The portion of the web composed of specialty databases, such as those housed by the U.S. government, that are not accessible by traditional search engines also called the invisible or hidden web.
Deep web
A statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or a phrase.
Definitions
The public presentation of a speech.
Delivery
The ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class.
Demographics
An agreed-upon definition of a word, found in a dictionary.
Denotative meanings
The vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people, such as an ethnic or regional group.
Dialect
Occurs when speakers are sensitive to audience needs and listen to audience members’ responses, and listeners pay careful attention to speakers’ messages so they can respond appropriately and effectively.
Dialogue
Comments written in response to an open-ended question in an audience research questionnaire.
Direct quote
An email–based distribution list that allows members to email everyone who belongs to the list using just one email address also called a listserv.
Discussion list
An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topic but equally split between those who favor the speaker’s position and those who oppose it.
Divided audience
Argument in which a speaker assumes that what is TRUE of the whole is also TRUE of the parts that make up the whole.
Division fallacy
A projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images, including 3-D visual materials.
Document cameras
An audience’s perception of a speaker’s activity level during a presentation.
Dynamism
Use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience.
Emotional appeals (pathos)
An argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated.
Enthymemes
The external surroundings that influence a public speaking event.
Environment
The moral aspects of our interactions with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect.
Ethical communication
The belief that one’s own worldview, based on one’s own cultural background, is correct and best.
Ethnocentrism
Appeal that is linked to the speaker’s credibility.
Ethos
Speeches of tribute presented as retrospectives about individuals who have died.
Eulogies
A word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive.
Euphemisms
A significant occurrence that an individual personally experiences or otherwise knows about.
Event
Supporting materials—narratives, examples, definitions, testimony, facts, and statistics—that a speaker presents to reinforce a claim.
Evidence
An illustration or case that represents a larger group or class of things.
Examples
A type of public speaking in which the speaker researches, organizes, rehearses, and delivers a speech in a way that combines structure and spontaneity.
Extemporaneous speaking
Conditions in the environment that interfere with listening.
External noise
An observation based on actual experience.
Facts
Using someone else’s original work in a way that does not infringe on the owner’s rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting.
Fair use
An error in making an argument.
Fallacy
Argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist also called the either-or fallacy.
FALSE dilemma fallacy
Audience members’ responses to a speech.
Feedback
A large pad of paper that rests on an easel, allowing a speaker to record text or drawings with markers during a speech.
Flip chart
The question-and-answer session following a group’s formal presentation.
Forum
Monitoring news sources to analyze and assess the information they produce.
Gate watching
The speaker’s overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.
General purpose
An audience’s perception that a speaker shows she or he has the audience’s TRUE needs, wants, and interests at heart.
Goodwill
Argument in which a speaker suggests that something is wrong with another speaker’s claims by associating those claims with someone the audience finds objectionable also called the bad company fallacy.
Guilt by association fallacy
Sheets of paper containing relevant information that are distributed before, during, or after a speech.
Handout
Argument in which a speaker draws a conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples.
Hasty generalization fallacy
Words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities.
Hate speech
The physical response to sounds.
Hearing
A qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous.
Hedges
Mental activity, including thoughts, understandings, beliefs, notions, and principles.
Ideas and concepts
An expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words.
Idioms
The tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to others than is really the case.
Illusion of transparency
A type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech.
Impromptu speaking
Words that don’t privilege one group over another.
Inclusive language
Supporting a claim with specific cases or instances also called reasoning by example.
Inductive reasoning
Occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way.
Information overload
Presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding, raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic.
Informative speaking
A logical relationship among the ideas that make up any main heading or subheading in a speech.
Internal consistency
Thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening.
Internal noise
A review of main points or subpoints, given before going on to the next point in a speech.
Internal summary
An individual’s internal process of assigning meaning to words.
Interpretations
A list of all the questions and possible probes an interviewer asks in an interview, as well as notes about how the interviewer will begin and end the interview.
Interview guide
The beginning of a speech, including an attention getter, a statement of the thesis and purpose, a reference to the speaker’s credibility, and a preview of the main points.
Introduction
Discovering what you want to say in a speech, such as choosing a topic and developing good arguments.
Invention
Asking listeners to create a scene or situation in their minds.
Invitations to imagine
Technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic.
Jargon
During research for supporting materials, a term associated with a topic and used to search for information related to that topic. In a presentation outline, a word that identifies a subject or a point of primary interest or concern.
Keywords
The system of words people use to communicate with others.
Language
A question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks.
Leading questions
Involves hearing, interpreting, responding to, and recalling verbal and nonverbal messages.
Listening
Anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear.
Listening anxiety
Argument in which a speaker uses emotionally laden words to evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented.
Loaded word fallacy
Use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis to influence an audience.
Logical appeals (logos)
Appeal to logic.
Logos
A type of public speaking in which the speaker reads a written script word for word.
Manuscript speaking
Perceptions of believability or trust that audience members hold toward communications media, including TV, the internet, newspapers, radio, and news magazines.
Media credibility
A sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech, designed to make the speaker’s thesis unforgettable.
Memorable message
A type of public speaking in which the speaker commits a speech to memory.
Memorized speaking
Using the ability to recall information to give an effective speech.
Memory
The words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts.
Message
A language device that demonstrates the commonalities between two dissimilar things.
Metaphors
A search tool that compiles the results from other search engines.
Meta search engines
A copy of an object, usually built to scale, that represents the object in detail.
Model
Occurs when communication is one way and communicators are only concerned with their own individual goals.
Monologue
A way of speaking in which the speaker does not alter his or her pitch.
Monotone
A five-step pattern of organization that requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate an audience to pay attention.
Monroe’s motivated sequence
Appeal to cultural beliefs and values.
Mythos
A description of events in a dramatic fashion also called a story.
Narratives
A pattern that organizes a speech by a dramatic retelling of events as a story or a series of short stories.
Narrative pattern
An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speaker’s position.
Negative (hostile) audience
An unbiased and impartial question seeking a forthright answer.
Neutral questions
Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message.
Noise
Speech that demonstrates why a particular individual would be successful at something if given the chance.
Nomination speech
Words that are not associated with either sex.
Nonsexist language
Information that is communicated without words, but rather, through movement, gesture, facial expression, vocal quality, use of time, use of space, and touch.
Nonverbal messages
Any nonliving, material thing that can be perceived by the senses.
Object
A broad, general question, often specifying only the topic.
Open-ended questions
A source of information that a speaker mentions, or cites, during a speech.
Oral citations
A report in which one member of a group presents the group’s findings.
Oral report
A discussion in which a moderator asks questions of experts on a topic in front of an audience.
Panel discussions
Using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis.
Parallelism
Appeal to emotion.
Pathos
A structure for ordering the main points of a speech.
Pattern of organization
Using language, images, and other means of communication to influence people’s attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions.
Persuasion
A speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience members’ beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors.
Persuasive speech
The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space.
Pervasive communication environment
The highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice.
Pitch
Geographic locations.
Places
Presenting someone else’s ideas and work, such as speeches, papers, and images, as your own.
Plagiarism
An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topic and has a favorable view of the speaker’s position.
Positive (sympathetic) audience
Argument in which a speaker concludes a causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time also called the FALSE cause fallacy.
Post hoc fallacy
The way a speaker positions and carries her or his body.
Posture
A claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion.
Premise
Technical and material resources, ranging from presentation software and real-time web access (RWA) to flip charts and handouts that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and complement the information they present orally.
Presentation media
An outline that distills a complete-sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them.
Presentation outline
Computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slide shows.
Presentation software
The final element of the introduction, in which the main points to be presented in the body of the speech are mentioned.
Preview of main points
An audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speakers present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body.
Primacy effect
A question that introduces a new topic or subtopic in an interview.
Primary questions
Information that expresses an author’s original ideas or findings from original research.
Primary sources
A pattern that organizes a speech by describing a problem and providing possible solutions.
Problem-solution pattern
How something is done, how it works, or how it has developed.
Process
The act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of the speaker’s language.
Pronunciation
Psychological data about an audience, such as standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes.
Psychographics
A situation in which an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time.
Public speaking
Factual information and opinions about policy issues presented to government bodies or other public institutions.
Public testimony
A word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase.
Qualifier
A question that asks whether something is TRUE or false.
Question of fact
A question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved.
Question of policy
A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something’s worth, significance, quality, or condition.
Question of value
The speed at which a speaker speaks.
Rate
Employing a live internet feed as a visual medium or information resource during a public speech.
Real-time web access
The method or process used to link claims to evidence.
Reasoning
An audience is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the speech body.
Recency effect
Argument that introduces irrelevant evidence to distract an audience from the real issue.
Red herring
Assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical reactions and feelings associated with speech anxiety.
Relabeling
How closely a web page’s content is related to the keywords used in an internet search.
Relevance
The consistency and credibility of information from a particular source.
Reliability
The portion of the conclusion of a speech in which the main points presented in the body of the speech are briefly mentioned again.
Review of main points
Aristotle’s term for public speaking.
Rhetoric
Using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point.
Rhymes
Humorous and good-natured ridicule directed toward the guest of honor at an event.
Roast
A discussion in which expert participants discuss a topic in an impromptu format without an audience present.
Round table discussions
A sophisticated software program that hunts through documents to find those associated with particular keywords.
Search engines
A question that asks the interviewee to elaborate on a response.
Secondary questions
Others’ interpretations or adaptations of a primary source.
Secondary sources
A transition that indicates a key move in the speech, making its organization clear to the audience.
Signpost
A language device that compares two things that are generally dissimilar but share some common properties, expressed using like or as.
Similes
Informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular group.
Slang
Argument in which a speaker asserts that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two events.
Slippery-slope fallacy
A collection of individuals who interact and depend on one another to solve a problem, make a decision, or achieve a common goal or objective.
Small group
The degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker.
Sociability
A pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects or places.
Spatial pattern
The person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context.
Speaker
A concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech.
Specific purpose
Fear of speaking in front of an audience.
Speech anxiety
A short speech that introduces someone to an audience.
Speech of introduction
Speeches that give credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure.
Speeches of tribute
A link whose owner has paid a search engine company such as Google to place the link in the results list of a search.
Sponsored link
A phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do.
Spotlight effect
The psychological location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world.
Standpoint
Numerical data or information.
Statistics
The language or words used in a speech.
Style
Information in the responses to an audience research questionnaire that reflects trends and comparisons.
Summary statistics
Evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea.
Supporting materials
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.
Syllogism
Something, such as a word, that stands for something else, such as a person, place, thing, or idea.
Symbols
A presentation format in which each member of a group presents a speech about a part of a larger topic.
Symposium
A question added onto the end of a declarative statement that lessens the impact of that statement.
Tag questions
The particular group or subgroup a speaker most wants to inform, persuade, or entertain.
Target audience
Fear that others will react negatively if one appears inept at using technological aids.
Technophobia
An individual’s opinions or experiences about a particular topic.
Testimony
A single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech.
Thesis
Brief remarks celebrating the accomplishments of a guest of honor at an event.
Toast
Use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation.
Tone
The main subject, idea, or theme of a speech.
Topic
A pattern that organizes a speech by arranging subtopics of equal importance.
Topical pattern
A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together.
Transition
A clear acetate page displayed by means of an overhead projector.
Transparency
An audience’s perception of a speaker as honest, ethical, sincere, reliable, sensitive, and empathetic.
Trustworthiness
An audience that is unfamiliar with a speaker’s topic and has no opinion about it.
Uninformed audience
The soundness of the logic underlying information presented by a source.
Validity
An ideal that serves as a standard of behavior.
Value
A small group presentation in which individuals at multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and visually, using video and high-speed computer technology.
Videoconferencing
Imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of events in a positive, concrete, step-by-step way.
Visualization
“Ah,” “um,” “you know,” and other verbal fillers that speakers use when they’re trying to think of what they want to say.
Vocalized pauses
Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker’s voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered.
Vocal variety
The loudness of a speaker’s voice.
Volume
Individuals who can choose to attend or not attend a speaking event.
Voluntary audiences
Argument in which a speaker compares two things that are dissimilar, making the comparison inaccurate.
Weak analogy fallacy
An online list that organizes web pages and websites hierarchically by category also called a search index.
Web directories
Web sources displayed as evidence during a speech, found by using real-time web access or web page capture software.
Webidence
A smooth white board that can be written or drawn on with markers.
Whiteboard
An outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose.
Working outline