Public Speaking Exam One

Front 1

Dyadic communication –

Back 1

Conversation between two people, as in a conversation.

Front 2

Small group communication –

Back 2

Communication involving a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another, as in a business meeting.

Front 3

Mass communication –

Back 3

Communication that occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people. In mass communication the receivers of the message are not present with the speaker, or they are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listeners. Communication that occurs via a television or radio news broadcast or a mass rally is an example of mass communication.

Front 4

Public speaking –

Back 4

Public speaking – A type of communication in which the speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are physically present during the delivery of the speech. Public speaking always includes a speaker who has a reason for speaking, an audience that gives the speaker its attention, and a message that is meant to accomplish a purpose.

Front 5

Source –

Back 5

Source – The source, or sender, is the person who creates a message. The speaker transforms ideas and thoughts into messages and sends them to a receiver, or an audience.

Front 6

Encoding –

Back 6

Encoding – The process of organizing a message, choosing words and sentence structure, and verbalizing the message.

Front 7

Receiver –

Back 7

The recipient (an individual or a group) of a source’s message.

Front 8

Feedback –

Back 8

Feedback – Audience response to a message, which can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally through gestures. Feedback from the audience often indicates whether a speaker’s message has been understood.

Front 9

Decoding –

Back 9

The process of interpreting a message.

Front 10

Audience perspective –

Back 10

Audience perspective – A stance taken by the speaker in which he or she adapts the speech to the needs, attitudes, and values of an audience.

Front 11

Message –

Back 11

The content of the communication process – thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions. A message can be expressed both verbally and nonverbally.

Front 12

Channel –

Back 12

The medium through which the speaker sends a message.

Front 13

Noise –

Back 13

Anything that interferes with the communication process between a speaker and an audience, so that the message cannot be understood; noise can come from internal or external sources.

Front 14

Shared Meaning –

Back 14

The mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience. Shared meaning occurs in varying degrees. The lowest level of shared meaning exists when the speaker has merely caught the audience's attention. As the message develops, depending on the encoding choices by the source, a higher degree of shared meaning is possible.

Front 15

Rhetorical situation –

Back 15

Consideration of the audience, occasion, and overall speech situation when planning a speech.

Front 16

Rhetorical proofs –

Back 16

In classical terms, a means of persuasion (ethos, pathos, logos).

Front 17

Culturally sensitive speaker –

Back 17

Culturally sensitive speaker – A public speaker who assumes differences among various members of an audience and addresses audience members with interest and respect.

Front 18

Ethnocentrism –

Back 18

The belief that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures. Ethnocentric speakers act as though everyone shares their point of view and points of reference, whether or not this is in fact the case.

Front 19

Cultural Intelligence –

Back 19

The willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape your thinking and behavior in response to what you've learned.
Rhetoric – The practice of oratory, or public speaking.

Front 20

Canons of rhetoric –

Back 20

A classical approach to speechmaking in which the speaker divides a speech into five parts: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.

Front 21

Invention –

Back 21

The classical term for the process of selecting information to illustrate or prove speech points.

Front 22

Arrangement –

Back 22

The strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience; also refers to one of the five parts of the classical canons of rhetoric.

Front 23

Style –

Back 23

speaker's choice of words and sentence structure.

Front 24

Memory –

Back 24

One of five parts of the classical canons of rhetoric; refers to the practice of the speech until it can be artfully delivered.

Front 25

Delivery –

Back 25

The vocal and nonverbal behavior that a speaker uses in a public speech; one of the five canons of rhetoric.

Front 26

Topic –

Back 26

What the speech is about; a topic may be assigned to the speaker, or the speaker may have to choose one based on personal interests, experience, and knowledge.

Front 27

Audience Analysis –

Back 27

The process of gathering and analyzing demographic and psychological information about audience members with the explicit aim of adapting your message to the information you uncover.

Front 28

General speech purpose –

Back 28

A declarative statement that answers the question “Why am I speaking on this topic for this particular audience and occasion?” Usually the general speech goal is to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion. See also specific speech purpose.

Front 29

Specific speech purpose –

Back 29

A refined statement of purpose that zeroes in more closely than the general purpose on the goal of the speech. See also general speech purpose.

Front 30

Thesis statement –

Back 30

The theme, or central idea, of a speech that serves to connect all the parts of the speech. The main points, the supporting material, and the conclusion all relate to the thesis.

Front 31

Main points –

Back 31

The key ideas or primary points intended to fulfill the speech purpose. Their function is to make claims in support of the thesis. See also subordinate points.

Front 32

Supporting material –

Back 32

Information (examples, narratives, testimony, and facts and statistics) that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies the speaker's assertions.

Front 33

Introduction –

Back 33

The first part of a speech in which the speaker establishes the speech purpose and its relevance to the audience and previews the topic and the main points.

Front 34

Body –

Back 34

The part of the speech in which the speaker develops the main points intended to fulfill the speech purpose.

Front 35

Conclusion –

Back 35

The part of the speech in which the speaker reiterates the speech purpose, summarizes main points, and leaves the audience with something to think about or act upon.

Front 36

Coordinate points –

Back 36

The alignment of points in a speech outline according to their equal importance to the topic and purpose.

Front 37

Subordinate points –

Back 37

The alignment of points within a speech outline that have somewhat lesser weight than main points; they provide support for or extend the more central ideas of main points.

Front 38

Vocal delivery –

Back 38

The speaker's use of speech volume, rate, pitch, variety, pronunciation, and articulation to deliver a speech.

Front 39

Nonverbal delivery -

Back 39

The speaker's use of facial expressions, gestures, general body movements, and overall physical appearance when presenting the speech.

Front 40

Feedback loop –

Back 40

The continual flow or feedback between speaker and listener. A situation in which successful speakers adjust their message based on their listeners' reactions, and vice versa (also known as circular response).

Front 41

Listening –

Back 41

The conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting the messages communicated by others.

Front 42

Selective Perception –

Back 42

A psychological principle that posits that listeners pay attention selectively to certain messages and ignore others.

Front 43

Active listening –

Back 43

A multistep, focused, and purposeful process of gathering and evaluating information.

Front 44

Listening distraction –

Back 44

Anything that competes for a listener's attention; the source of the distraction may be internal or external.

Front 45

External listening distraction –

Back 45

Anything in the environment that distracts listeners from receiving the speaker's message.

Front 46

Internal listening distraction –

Back 46

Thoughts and feelings, both positive and negative, that intrude on our attention as we attempt to listen to a speaker.

Front 47

Defensive listening –

Back 47

A poor listening behavior in which the listener reacts defensively to a speaker's message.

Front 48

Critical thinking –

Back 48

The ability to evaluate claims on the basis of well-supported reasons.

Front 49

Valid generalization –

Back 49

A generalization that is supported by different types of evidence from different sources and that does not make claims beyond a reasonable point.

Front 50

Overgeneralization –

Back 50

An attempt to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for everyone concerned.

Front 51

Responsibility –

Back 51

A charge, trust, or duty for which one is accountable.

Front 52

Ethics –

Back 52

The rules or standards of moral conduct, or how people should act toward one another. In terms of public speaking, ethics refers to the responsibilities speakers have toward both their audience and themselves. It also encompasses the responsibilities that listeners have toward speakers.

Front 53

Ethos –

Back 53

The Greek word for “character.” According to the ancient Greek rhetorician Aristotle, audiences listen to and trust speakers if they exhibit competence (as demonstrated by the speaker's grasp of the subject matter) and good moral character.

Front 54

Speaker Credibility –

Back 54

The quality that reveals that a speaker has a good grasp of the subject, displays sound reasoning skills, is honest and nonmanipulative, and is genuinely interested in the welfare of audience members; a modern version of ethos.

Front 55

Free speech –

Back 55

The right to be free from unreasonable constraints on expression.

Front 56

Fighting words –

Back 56

A speech that uses language that provokes people to violence.

Front 57

Slander –

Back 57

Defamatory speech.

Front 58

Reckless disregard for the truth –

Back 58

A quality of defamatory speech that is legally liable. See also defamatory statement.

Front 59

Values –

Back 59

Our most enduring judgments or standards of what's important to us (e.g., equal opportunity, democracy, change and progress, or perseverance).

Front 60

Dignity –

Back 60

The feeling that one is worthy, honored, or respected as a person.

Front 61

Integrity –

Back 61

The quality of being incorruptible, or able to avoid compromise for the sake of personal expediency.

Front 62

Trustworthiness –

Back 62

The quality of displaying both honesty and dependability.

Front 63

Respect –

Back 63

To feel or show deferential regard. For the ethical speaker, respect ranges from addressing audience members as unique human beings to refraining from rudeness and other forms of personal attack.

Front 64

Jargon –

Back 64

Specialized terminology developed within a given endeavor or field of study.

Front 65

Ethnocentrism –

Back 65

The belief that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures. Ethnocentric speakers act as though everyone shares their point of view and points of reference, whether or not this is in fact the case.

Front 66

Stereotype –

Back 66

A generalization about an apparent characteristic of a group, culture, or ethnicity that falsely claims to define all of its members.

Front 67

Hate speech –

Back 67

Any offensive communication — verbal or nonverbal — directed against people's racial, ethnic, religious, gender, or other characteristics. Racist, sexist, or ageist slurs, gay bashing, and cross burnings are all forms of hate speech.

Front 68

Plagiarism –

Back 68

The act of using other people's ideas or words without acknowledging the source. See also patchwrite plagiarism and wholesale plagiarism.

Front 69

Wholesale plagiarism –

Back 69

A form of plagiarism in which you “cut and paste” material from print or online sources into your speech and represent that material as your own. See also plagiarism.

Front 70

Patchwrite plagiarism –

Back 70

A form of plagiarism in which you copy material from a source and then change and rearrange occasional words and sentence structures to make it appear as if the material were your own.

Front 71

Direct quotation –

Back 71

A statement quoted verbatim, or word for word, from a source. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged in a speech. See also paraphrase.

Front 72

Paraphrase –

Back 72

A restatement of someone else's statements or written work that alters the form or phrasing but not the substance of that person's ideas. See also direct quotation.

Front 73

Common knowledge –

Back 73

Information that is likely to be known by many people and is therefore in the public domain; the source of such information need not be cited in a speech.

Front 74

Copyright –

Back 74

A legal protection afforded original creators of literary or artistic works, including works classified as literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, audiovisual, sound recording, or architectural.

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Public domain –

Back 75

Bodies of work, including publications and processes, available for public use without permission; not protected by copyright or patent.

Front 76

Intellectual property –

Back 76

The ownership of an individual's creative expression.

Front 77

Fair Use Doctrine –

Back 77

Legal guidelines permitting the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, and research.

Front 78

Public Performance –

Back 78

A performance, including a speech, of copyrighted material delivered in a public forum other than a classroom. When you incorporate copyrighted material into a speech, you are legally bound to obtain performance rights to do so from the copyright owner or his or her representative.

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Public speaking anxiety (PSA) –

Back 79

Public speaking anxiety (PSA) – Fear or anxiety associated with a speaker's actual or anticipated communication to an audience.

Front 80

Pre-preparation anxiety –

Back 80

A form of public speaking anxiety (PSA) that occurs the moment speakers learn they must give a speech.

Front 81

Preparation anxiety –

Back 81

A form of public speaking anxiety (PSA) that arises when the speaker begins to prepare for a speech, at which point he or she might feel overwhelmed at the amount of time and planning required. See also performance anxiety.

Front 82

Pre-performance anxiety –

Back 82

A form of public speaking anxiety (PSA) that occurs when the speaker begins to rehearse a speech.

Front 83

Performance anxiety –

Back 83

A form of public speaking anxiety (PSA) that occurs the moment a speaker begins to deliver a speech. See also preparation anxiety.

Front 84

Visualization -

Back 84

An exercise for building confidence in which the speaker closes his or her eyes and envisions a series of positive feelings and reactions that will occur on the day of the speech.

Front 85

Audience Analysis –

Back 85

The process of gathering and analyzing demographic and psychological information about audience members with the explicit aim of adapting your message to the information you uncover.

Front 86

Audience – centered approach –

Back 86

An approach to speech preparation in which in each phase of the speech preparation process — from selection and treatment of the speech topic to making decisions about organization, language, and method of delivery — is geared toward communicating a meaningful message to the audience.

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Pandering –

Back 87

To identify with values that are not your own in order to win approval from an audience.

Front 88

Attitudes –

Back 88

A predisposition to respond to people, ideas, objects, or events in evaluative ways.

Front 89

Beliefs –

Back 89

The ways in which people perceive reality or determine the very existence or validity of something.

Front 90

Values –

Back 90

Our most enduring judgments or standards of what's important to us (e.g., equal opportunity, democracy, change and progress, or perseverance).

Front 91

Perspective – taking –

Back 91

The identification of audience members' attitudes, values, beliefs, needs, and wants and the integration of this information into the speech context.

Front 92

Identification –

Back 92

A feeling of commonality with another; when appropriate, effective speakers attempt to foster a sense of identification between themselves and audience members.

Front 93

Captive Audience –

Back 93

An audience in attendance not because they necessarily freely choose to listen to a speech but because they must.

Front 94

Demographics –

Back 94

Statistical characteristics of a given population. Characteristics typically considered in the analysis of audience members include age, gender, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status (including income, occupation, and education), and religious and political affiliation.

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Target Audience –

Back 95

Those individuals within the broader audience who are most likely to be influenced in the direction the speaker seeks.

Front 96

Generational Identity –

Back 96

The collective cultural identity of a generation or a cohort.

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Co-culture –

Back 97

A community of people whose perceptions and beliefs differ significantly from those of other groups within the larger culture.

Front 98

Individualistic Cultures –

Back 98

A culture that tends to emphasize personal identity and the needs of the individual rather than those of the group, upholding such values as individual achievement and decision making.

Front 99

Collectivist cultures –

Back 99

A culture that tends to emphasize the needs and desires of the larger group rather than those of the individual.

Front 100

Uncertainty avoidance –

Back 100

The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguity.

Front 101

High-uncertainty avoidance cultures –

Back 101

One of five “value dimensions,” or major cultural patterns, that are significant across all cultures to varying degrees; identified by Geert Hofstede.

Front 102

Low-uncertainty avoidance cultures –

Back 102

One of five “value dimensions” or major cultural patterns that are significant across all cultures to varying degrees; identified by Geert Hofstede.

Front 103

Power distance –

Back 103

As developed by Geert Hofstede, a measure of the extent to which a culture values social equality versus tradition and authority.

Front 104

Gender –

Back 104

Our social and psychological sense of ourselves as males or females.

Front 105

Gender stereotypes –

Back 105

Oversimplified and often severely distorted ideas about the innate nature of men or women.

Front 106

Sexist language –

Back 106

Language that oversimplifies or distorts ideas about the innate nature of what it means to be male or female. For example the generic use of the pronoun he or she.

Front 107

Interview –

Back 107

A type of face-to-face communication conducted for the purpose of gathering information. Interviews can be conducted one-on-one or in a group.

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Questionnaire –

Back 108

A written survey designed to gather information from a large pool of respondents. Questionnaires consist of a mix of open- and closed-ended questions designed to elicit information.

Front 109

Close-ended question –

Back 109

A question designed to elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer.

Front 110

Fixed alternative question –

Back 110

A closed-ended question that contains a limited choice of answers, such as “Yes,” “No,” or “Sometimes.”

Front 111

Scale question –

Back 111

A closed-ended question (also called “attitude scales”) that measures the respondent's level of agreement or disagreement with specific issues.

Front 112

Open-ended question –

Back 112

A question designed to allow respondents to elaborate as much as possible. Open-ended questions are particularly useful for probing beliefs and opinions. They elicit more individual or personal information about audience members' thoughts and feelings.

Front 113

Rhetorical situation -

Back 113

Consideration of the audience, occasion, and overall speech situation when planning a speech.

Front 114

General speech purpose -

Back 114

A declarative statement that answers the question “Why am I speaking on this topic for this particular audience and occasion?” Usually the general speech goal is to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion. See also specific speech purpose.

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Informative speech -

Back 115

Public speaking that is intended to increase an audience's understanding and awareness by imparting knowledge. Informative speeches provide an audience with new information, new insights, or new ways of thinking about a topic.

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Persuasive speech -

Back 116

A speech whose general purpose is to effect some degree of change in the audience's beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior.

Front 117

Special occasion speech -

Back 117

A speech whose general purpose is to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda.

Front 118

Brainstorming -

Back 118

A problem-solving technique, useful for developing speech topics, that involves the spontaneous generation of ideas. Among other techniques, you can brainstorm by making lists, using word association, and mapping a topic.

Front 119

Word association -

Back 119

A brainstorming technique in which you write down ideas as they occur to you, beginning with a single word, in order to generate and narrow speech topics.

Front 120

Topic map -

Back 120

A brainstorming technique in which you lay out the words in diagram form to show categorical relationships among them; it is useful for selecting and narrowing a speech topic.

Front 121

Specific speech purpose -

Back 121

A refined statement of purpose that zeroes in more closely than the general purpose on the goal of the speech. See also general speech purpose.

Front 122

Thesis statement -

Back 122

The theme, or central idea, of a speech that serves to connect all the parts of the speech. The main points, the supporting material, and the conclusion all relate to the thesis.

Front 123

Supporting material –

Back 123

Information (examples, narratives, testimony, and facts and statistics) that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies the speaker's assertions.

Front 124

Example –

Back 124

An illustration whose purpose is to aid understanding by making ideas, items, or events more concrete and by clarifying and amplifying meaning.

Front 125

Brief example –

Back 125

A single illustration of a point.

Front 126

Extended example –

Back 126

Multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby getting the point across and reiterating it effectively.

Front 127

Hypothetical example –

Back 127

An illustration of something that could happen in the future if certain things occurred.

Front 128

Narrative –

Back 128

A story; it can be based on personal experiences or imaginary incidents.

Front 129

Anecdote –

Back 129

A brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real-life incident that links back to the speaker's theme.

Front 130

Testimony –

Back 130

Firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people, both lay (nonexpert) and expert.

Front 131

Expert testimony –

Back 131

Any findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions by professionals who are trained to evaluate or report on a given topic; a form of supporting material.

Front 132

testimony –

Back 132

Lay Testimony by a nonexpert; a form of supporting material.

Front 133

Facts –

Back 133

Documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people involved.

Front 134

Statistics –

Back 134

Quantified evidence; data that measures the size or magnitude of something, demonstrates trends, or shows relationships with the purpose of summarizing information, demonstrating proof, and making points memorable.

Front 135

Frequency –

Back 135

A count of the number of times something occurs or appears.

Front 136

Average –

Back 136

A summary of a set of data according to its typical or average characteristics; may refer to the mean, median, or mode.

Front 137

Mean –

Back 137

The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores; the arithmetic (or computed) average.

Front 138

Median –

Back 138

A type of average that represents the center-most score in a distribution, the point above and below which 50 percent of the scores fall.

Front 139

Mode –

Back 139

A type of average that represents the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

Front 140

Cherry-picking –

Back 140

To selectively present only those facts and statistics that buttress your point of view while ignoring competing data.

Front 141

Invention –

Back 141

The classical term for the process of selecting information to illustrate or prove speech points.

Front 142

Primary research –

Back 142

Original or firsthand research, such as interviews and surveys conducted by the speaker. See also secondary research.

Front 143

Secondary research –

Back 143

The vast world of information gathered by others; can include published facts and statistics, texts, documents, and any other information not originally collected and generated by the researcher. See also primary research.

Front 144

Database –

Back 144

A searchable place, or “base,” in which information is stored and from which it can be retrieved.

Front 145

Full-text database –

Back 145

A database in which at least some of the records contain the full text of articles.

Front 146

Reference librarian –

Back 146

A librarian trained to help library users locate information resources.

Front 147

Library of Congress call number –

Back 147

An identifying number that allows the user to retrieve books and other works that have been classified according to the Library of Congress classification system.

Front 148

Dewey decimal number –

Back 148

An identifying number that allows the user to retrieve books and other works that have been classified according to the Dewey decimal system.

Front 149

Periodical –

Back 149

A regularly published magazine or journal.

Front 150

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) –

Back 150

Responsible for publishing and distributing all information collected and produced by federal agencies, from the Census Bureau to the Department of Education and the Environmental Protection Agency. GPO publications also include all congressional reports and hearings.

Front 151

General encyclopedia –

Back 151

A reference work that attempts to cover all important subject areas of knowledge.

Front 152

Specialized encyclopedia –

Back 152

A reference work that delves deeply into one subject area, such as religion, science, art, sports, or engineering.

Front 153

Almanac –

Back 153

A reference work that contains facts and statistics in many categories, including those that are related to historical, social, political, and religious subjects

Front 154

Fact book –

Back 154

A reference work that includes key information on a given topic (e.g., facts about the geography, government, economy, and transportation of a given country).

Front 155

Atlas –

Back 155

A collection of maps, text, and accompanying charts and tables.

Front 156

Interview –

Back 156

A type of face-to-face communication conducted for the purpose of gathering information. Interviews can be conducted one-on-one or in a group.

Front 157

Neutral questions –

Back 157

A question that doesn't lead the interviewee to a desired response.

Front 158

Active listening –

Back 158

A multistep, focused, and purposeful process of gathering and evaluating information.

Front 159

Fabrication –

Back 159

The making up of information, such as falsifying data or experiments or claiming a source where none exists.

Front 160

World Wide Web –

Back 160

The most frequently used portion of the Internet, the Web is a graphics-rich environment of electronic pages or documents that contain text, graphics, sound, video, and — its most distinguishing feature — hyperlinks. See also hyperlinks.

Front 161

Hyperlinks –

Back 161

Connections that link individual pieces of information or entire Web sites to other pieces of information or sites.

Front 162

Library gateway –

Back 162

An entry point into a large collection of research and reference information that has been selected and reviewed by librarians.

Front 163

Domain –

Back 163

The suffix at the end of a Web address that tells you the nature of the Web site: educational (.edu), government (.gov), military (.mil), nonprofit organization (.org), business/commercial (.com), or network (.net). A tilde (˜) in the address usually indicates that it is a personal page rather than part of an institutional Web site. Understanding the domain can help you assess the credibility of a site.

Front 164

Tilde (-) –

Back 164

A symbol that appears in the domain of a Web address; it usually indicates a personal page rather than an institutional Web site.

Front 165

Information –

Back 165

Data set in a context for relevance.

Front 166

Propaganda –

Back 166

Information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response.

Front 167

Misinformation –

Back 167

Information that is false.

Front 168

Disinformation –

Back 168

The deliberate falsification of information.

Front 169

Search engine –

Back 169

Using powerful software programs, a search engine scans millions of Web documents that contain the keywords and phrases you command it to search. A program then creates a huge index from the Web pages that have been read, compares it with your search request, and returns matching results to you, usually in order of relevance.

Front 170

Individual search engine –

Back 170

A search engine that compiles its own database of Web pages, such as Google or AltaVista. See also meta-search engine.

Front 171

Meta-search engine –

Back 171

A search engine that searches several search engines simultaneously. Examples include MetaCrawler and Dogpile. See also individual search engine.

Front 172

Specialized search engine –

Back 172

A search engine that searches for information only on specific topics.

Front 173

Subject directory –

Back 173

A searchable database of Web sites organized by categories (e.g., Yahoo! Directory).

Front 174

Paid placement –

Back 174

The practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its search results and a guaranteed higher ranking within those results.

Front 175

Paid inclusion –

Back 175

The practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its index of possible results, without a guarantee of ranking.

Front 176

Virtual library –

Back 176

A collection of library holdings available online.

Front 177

Invisible Web –

Back 177

The portion of the Web that includes pass-protected sites, documents behind firewalls, and the contents of proprietary databases.

Front 178

Boolean operators –

Back 178

Words placed between the keywords in an Internet search that specify how the key words are related; examples include and, or, and not.

Front 179

Field Searching –

Back 179

A search tool in most Internet search engines that targets specific search parameters to narrow search results.

Front 180

Gateway (information portal) –

Back 180

A human directory that contains at least one hundred sites that have been reviewed by an expert.

Front 181

Boolean operators –

Back 181

Words placed between the keywords in an Internet search that specify how the key words are related; examples include and, or, and not.