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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhetorical Audience |
what the audience can become |
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Literal Audience |
who you're speaking too. The audience in front of you. |
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Verbal Delivery |
consists of your voice. how you're speaking. Tone, voice, word choice |
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Physical Delivery |
body language you're using. walking, gestures, etc |
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Ethical Speaking (7 principles) |
be honest, be open, be generous, be balanced, represent evidence responsibly, take appropriate risks, and choose engagement |
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ethos |
the attempt to establish a relationship of trust with your audience and convince the members they should listen to |
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Initial credibility |
credibility you had before the speech |
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achieved credibility |
information you establish during your speech |
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identification |
speakers trying to connect with the audience with something common |
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organization patterns (5 total) |
chronological, spatial, cause-and-effect,problem-solution pattern, topical pattern |
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chronological pattern |
orders ideas/arguments in a time related sequence |
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spatial pattern |
organizes points by location in space |
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cause-and-effect pattern |
identifies the orgins or causes of a condition and then the ways in which manifests itself |
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problem-solution pattern |
examine the symptoms of the problem, suggest a solution, the proposes what the audience can do to get involved |
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topical pattern |
only the points have a relationship to the topic. used most frequently but it's the most difficult |
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parts of an argument |
evidence, warrant (reasoning), claim warrant: holds an argument together |
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publics |
group of people that share common concerns |
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framing |
the way the speaker situates the argument |
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presence |
what you include or leave out in a message |
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analogy |
the way to understand something you dont understand |
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purpose |
the need the topic can fill for your audience |
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direct evidence |
something directly in front of you. (ex: a video, a testimony from an expert) |
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indirect evidence |
implies a fact but that does not directly prove it |
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inductive reasoning |
specific instances into a generalized conclusion |
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deductive reasoning |
true generalized principles to a true conclusion |
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fallacies of reasoning |
defect in reasoning, ineffective, hurts speakers credibility, un-ethical |
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The "as" test |
a tool for choosing a rhetorical audience as people in a specific role in order to change their perspective on your topic |
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engaging with an audience involves finding commonalities |
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being an advocate means |
making a strong case but also considering different perspectives |
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according to the principle of charity |
a speaker should be balanced and treat other people's arguments with respect |
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articulation |
the clarity with which words are pronounced |
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extemporaneous speaking |
involves speaking from notes or an outline |
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to increase volume, speakers should focus on voice coming out of their |
diaphragm |
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manipulation is a form of |
Persuasion |
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an argument from analogy compares |
unfamiliar things to highlight a similarity |
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ethical persuasion avoids |
manipulation |
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an argument is a statement backed by? |
reasons |
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the ad hominem fallacy attacks a person instead of an |
argument |
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the post hoc fallacy |
Is when someone argues that because one thing came after another thing, the second thing must have been caused by the first |
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an argument from form |
typically has an if-then form |
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An analogy involves |
finding similarities between something familiar and something unfamiliar.
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