Public Speaking Chapters 7, 8, 9, And 10

Front 1

acronym

Back 1

a word formed y the first letter of each of your main points

Front 2

causal pattern

Back 2

cause-effect-solution, cause-effect, action, effect-cause

Front 3

chronological pattern

Back 3

first-second-final or past-present-future
step by step or dates

Front 4

claim pattern

Back 4

claim 1-claim 2-claim 3
the main points are the reasons for believing a particular fact, holding a particular value, or advocating a particular plan

Front 5

comparative advantages pattern

Back 5

plan x is ineffective-plan y is superior or plan x is average-plan y is far better
the audience already agrees with the problem but may not agree on the solution

Front 6

criteria satisfaction pattern

Back 6

any plan must meet the following necessary criteria-solution x does (or does not) meet the criteria
criteria are presented for evaluating possible plans or solutions, followed by a plan to meet or exceed the established criteria

Front 7

deductive reasoning

Back 7

the conclusion is presented first and then the supporting evidence is provided

Front 8

highlight main points

Back 8

making important ideas in your speeches stand out

Front 9

inductive reasoning

Back 9

the supporting evidence is presented first and leads up the the conclusion

Front 10

parable

Back 10

a fable that illustrates a moral or religious principle

Front 11

parellel points

Back 11

use similar phrasing and sentence structure and use the same voice

Front 12

repetition

Back 12

help your listeners remember exact word or figures

Front 13

restatement

Back 13

make sure your readers grasp a key concept

Front 14

problem-solution pattern

Back 14

problem-solution-benefits or problem-solution-action
first stating problem and then proposing solutions

Front 15

rhetorical question

Back 15

designed to make the audicen think--no real answer is expected

Front 16

signpost

Back 16

a specific type of transition that clearly indicates where the speaker is going next

Front 17

spatial or geographic pattern

Back 17

north-east-south-west or bottom-middle-top
arranging main top is of an informative or demonstration speech according to location in space

Front 18

thesis statement

Back 18

built from the exact purpose you determined while narrowing your topic

Front 19

topical pattern

Back 19

point 1-point 2-point 3
the main topics of an informative speech, where each main point is one of several aspects of the topic

Front 20

transition

Back 20

a word, phrase, or brief sentence used to link ideas, main points, or major parts of a speech

Front 21

informative speech patterns

Back 21

topical, chronological, spatial or geographic, causal

Front 22

persuasive speech patterns

Back 22

claim, causal problem-solution, criteria satisfaction, comparative advantage

Front 23

highlighting main points

Back 23

transitions, signposts, internal summaries, reptition, restatement

Front 24

making main points memorable

Back 24

limit main points, keep main points brief and parallel, create a rhyme or acronym

Front 25

organizing introduction of speech goals

Back 25

begin with an attention-getter, motivate audience to listen, establish credibility and rapport, present your thesis statement

Front 26

attention-getters

Back 26

narrative, brief instances, humor, quotation, startling fact, question, references to the occasion, fable, saying, poem, or rhyme, demonstration

Front 27

introduction information

Back 27

background information, definition of unfamiliar terms, mention of handouts

Front 28

conclusion of speech organization

Back 28

summarize main ideas, refocus audience attention, using a Q & A

Front 29

refocus audience attention

Back 29

offer a closing thought, refer to the introduction, issue a challenge, visualize the future

Front 30

mind map

Back 30

a visual aid for the mind

Front 31

preparation outline

Back 31

includes introduction and conclusion as wel las main points and supporting information

Front 32

speaking notes

Back 32

brief key words or phrases written on note cards or paper

Front 33

storyboard

Back 33

an informal visual and verbal presentation of your ideas

Front 34

advantages of outlining

Back 34

easier to detect problems, easier to solicit worthwhile critiques, less temptation to memorize, increases your flexibility

Front 35

Advantages of storyboarding

Back 35

can be quickly prepared, encourage simultaneous verbal and visual planning, stimulate right-brain thinking and creativity, easy to read and evaluate, encourage the use of transitions

Front 36

complementary hues

Back 36

colors that are opposites on the color wheel and are less relaxing paris that harmonizing colors

Front 37

customize

Back 37

taking a basic idea or template and chaining and adapting it so it becomes your own

Front 38

general design principles

Back 38

guidelines used in constructing the visual elements or all well-designed visuals
contrast, repetition, alignment, proximity

Front 39

graph

Back 39

depict numerical data in visual form

Front 40

graphic visual

Back 40

include organization charts and flowcharts, diagrams, and schematic drawings, maps, pictures and graphs with just enough words to clarify the visual

Front 41

harmonizing hues

Back 41

colors that tend to relax and calm when used together

Front 42

hues

Back 42

the actual color--each color on the color wheel is a different color

Front 43

overlay

Back 43

a pice of clear or colored acetate with text material that is taped to the frame and folded back until needed

Front 44

sans serif typeface

Back 44

a geometric-looking typeface
recommended for titles or emphasis

Front 45

saturation

Back 45

the amount of color used in the hue

Front 46

serif typeface

Back 46

a typeface with small lines, or finishing strokes, that extend from letter stems
especially good for text and small labels on charts

Front 47

spectral hues

Back 47

colors that are next to each other on the color wheel

Front 48

text visuals

Back 48

include mainly words with an occasional cip art drawing or picture

Front 49

white space

Back 49

space that contains no text or graphics
essential for fast comprehension and helps your visual look organized

Front 50

benefits of visual aids

Back 50

speed comprehension, add interest, improve audience memory, decrease presentation time, add to speaker credibility

Front 51

types of visual aids

Back 51

electronic/multimedia presentations, overhead transparencies, 35-millimeter slies, flip charts and posters, marker board and chalkboards, objects, models, and handouts, audiovisual aids

Front 52

designing visual aid

Back 52

using correct type size, using correct typeface, no more than 4-6 lines of text, limit each line to 40 characters, use phrases rather than sentences, use upper and lower-case typeface, use simple typeface, leace the same amount of space the the top of each visual, use clip art, larger type and color for emphasis

Front 53

design principles for graphic visuals

Back 53

limit data to what is absolutely necessary, keep background lines and data points to a minimum, group data when possible, make bars wider than the spaces between them, always used headings

Front 54

articulation

Back 54

the production of clear and distinct speech sounds
vital for audience understanding

Front 55

emphasis

Back 55

stressing a word in order to give it significance
important ingredient of vocal variety

Front 56

extemporaneous speech

Back 56

not memorized or written out word for word
developed and presented from brief notes

Front 57

immediacy behavior

Back 57

the verbal, visual, and vocal behaviors that instructors use to promote a sense of closeness and personal interact with students

Front 58

impromptu speech

Back 58

one given without prior knowledge of the specific topic and without detailed notes or manuscript

Front 59

pause

Back 59

live silence

Front 60

phrase

Back 60

groups of words preceded and followed by pauses
add audience interest and understanding

Front 61

pitch

Back 61

the highness and lowness of vocal tones

Front 62

pronunciation

Back 62

saying words according to standard usage
not always easy

Front 63

rate

Back 63

how fast or slowly you speak
especially important in maintaining listeners attention

Front 64

T-bar

Back 64

the horizontal bar to which most flip chart pads attach

Front 65

upspeak

Back 65

and upward pithc inflection
used at the end of declarative sentences and phrases

Front 66

vocal variety

Back 66

the key to a conversational voice, is achieved by varying volume, pithc, emphasis, rate, and pauses in a natural manner, as well as articulating and pronouncing words clearly

Front 67

volume

Back 67

the loudness and softeness of you voice

Front 68

visual delivery

Back 68

appearance, facial expressions and eye contact, psoture, movement, and gestures, handling visual aids

Front 69

vocal delivery

Back 69

volume and pitch, emphasis, rate, and pauses, articulation and pronunciation

Front 70

methods of delivery

Back 70

brief notes, extemporaneous, visual aids, impromptu, manuscript, memory