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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two kinds of meaning that words have
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• Denotative Meaning: The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
• Connotative meaning: The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase |
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Initial credibility
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the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
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Terminal credibility
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The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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Derived credibility
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The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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Guidelines for presenting visual aids
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• Avoid using the chalkboard for visual aids
• Display visual aids where listeners can see them • Avoid passing visual aids among the audience • Display visual aids only while discussing them • Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid • Explain visual aids clearly and concisely • Practice with your visual aids |
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Pie graph
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a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution
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Bar graph
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a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
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Five-step method for practicing delivery
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1. Go through preparation outline aloud
2. Prepare speaking outline 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only speaking outline 4. Polish up the delivery (practice in mirror, friends, record speech) 5. Dress rehearsal speech (as close to the actually situation as possible) |
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Principles for inclusive language
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• Avoid the generic “He”
• Avoid the use of “man” when referring to both men and women • Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender • Avoid identifying personal traits that are unrelated to the topic • Use names that groups use to identify themselves |
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Three major kinds of supporting materials
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Example, Statistics and Testimony
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Example
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A specific case use to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like.
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Statistics
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Numerical Facts
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Testimony
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Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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hree basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy
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1. Need: 1st step-is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
2. Plan: 2nd step-if there is a problem with current policy does speaker have a plan to solve the problem? 3. Practicality: 3rd step- will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create more serious problems? |
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Crescendo Ending
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A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
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Two kinds of meaning that words have
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• Denotative Meaning: The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
• Connotative meaning: The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase |
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Initial credibility
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the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
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Terminal credibility
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The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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Derived credibility
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The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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Guidelines for presenting visual aids
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• Avoid using the chalkboard for visual aids
• Display visual aids where listeners can see them • Avoid passing visual aids among the audience • Display visual aids only while discussing them • Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid • Explain visual aids clearly and concisely • Practice with your visual aids |
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Pie graph
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a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution
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Bar graph
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a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
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Five-step method for practicing delivery
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1. Go through preparation outline aloud
2. Prepare speaking outline 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only speaking outline 4. Polish up the delivery (practice in mirror, friends, record speech) 5. Dress rehearsal speech (as close to the actually situation as possible) |
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Principles for inclusive language
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• Avoid the generic “He”
• Avoid the use of “man” when referring to both men and women • Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender • Avoid identifying personal traits that are unrelated to the topic • Use names that groups use to identify themselves |
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Three major kinds of supporting materials
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Example, Statistics and Testimony
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Example
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A specific case use to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like.
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Statistics
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Numerical Facts
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Testimony
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Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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hree basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy
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1. Need: 1st step-is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
2. Plan: 2nd step-if there is a problem with current policy does speaker have a plan to solve the problem? 3. Practicality: 3rd step- will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create more serious problems? |
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Crescendo Ending
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A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
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Four basic methods of reasoning and how to use them
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1. Specific Instances: reasoning that moves form particular facts to a general conclusion
2. Reasoning form Principle: reasoning that moves from general principle to a specific conclusion 3. Causal Reasoning: Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects 4. Analogical Reasoning: reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and a infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case7 |
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5 basic patterns of organization used most often by public speakers
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1. Chronological order: a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
2. Spatial Order: a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern 3. Causal Order: in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship 4. Problem-solution Order: in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
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Extended Example
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A story, narrative, or anecdote, developed at some length to illustrate a point
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Alliteration
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Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
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Organizing speeches on questions of value
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a question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action
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Organizing speeches on questions of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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Kinds of special occasion speeches
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Speech of Introduction
SPeech of PResentation Acceptance Speech After-dinner Speeches |
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Speech of Introduction
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a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
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Speech of Presentation
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a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Acceptance Speech
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a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Commemorative Speech
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a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea
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After-dinner Speeches
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a speech to entertain that make a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner
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Jargon
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specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group
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Impromptu speech
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A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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Internal summary
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A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point or points
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Transitions
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A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
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Preview statement
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A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.
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Cliché
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a trite or overused expression
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Metaphor
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an implicit comparison, no introduced with the word “like” or “as” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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Simile
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An explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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Paraphrase
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To restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words
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Causal order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
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Manuscript speech
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A speech that is written our word for word and read to the audience
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Hypothetical example
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An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
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Internal preview
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A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
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Parallelism
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similar arrangement of a pair or series or sentences
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Questions of value
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A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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Questions of fact
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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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Questions of policy
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A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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Mean
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The average value of a group of numbers.
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Chronological order
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A method of speech organizational in which the main points follow a time pattern
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Connectives
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A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
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Commemorative speech
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A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea
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Mode
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The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
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Median
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The middle number in a of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
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Antithesis
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The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
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Signposts
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A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
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Dissolve ending
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A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step-by-step to a dramatic final statement.
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Spatial order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
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Stereotyping
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Crating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
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Tips for using statistics
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• To Quantify Ideas
• Use Sparingly • Identify Sources • Explain Statistics • Round Off Complicated Statistics • Use Visual Aids to Clarify Statistical Trends |
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Three questions to ask when evaluating statistics:
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1. Are the Statistics Representative?
2. Are Statistical Measures Used Correctly? 3. Are the Statistics from a Reliable Source? |
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Extemporaneous speech
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
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Peer testimony
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Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
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Tips for using testimony
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• Quote or Paraphrase accurately
• Use testimony from Qualified Sources • Use Testimony from Unbiased Sources • Identify the people you Quote or Paraphrase |
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Checklist for using testimony
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• Do I use testimony to support my ideas?
• DO I use testimony from qualified sources? • Do I use Testimony from unbiased sources? • Do I distinguish between expert testimony and peer testimony? • Do I identify the sources of all testimony? • Do I quote and paraphrase all sources of testimony with complete accuracy? |
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. 5 steps- attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action
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Guidelines for speeches of introduction
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• Get the audience’s attention
• Reveal the topic • Establish credibility and good will • Preview the body of the speech |
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Get the audience’s attention
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o Relate topic to audience
o State importance of topic o Startle audience o Arouse curiosity o Question the audience o Begin with Quote o Tell Story |
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Tips for preparing the introduction
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1. Keep intro brief
2. Look for possible intro material as do research 3. Be creative with intro 4. Finish body of speech before finishing the exact wording of intro 5. Practice to perfection |
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Tips for using evidence
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• Use specific evidence
• Use novel evidence-new evidence to the audience • Use evidence from credible sources • Make clear the point of evidence |
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Aspects of voice you should try to control:
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Volume, Pitch, Inflections, Monotone, Rate, Pause, Vocalized Pause, Vocal Variety, Pronunciation, Articulation, Dialect,
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Volume
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loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
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Pitch
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highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice
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Inflections
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Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice
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Monotone
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a constants pitch or tone of voice
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Rate
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the speed at which a person speaks
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Pause
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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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Vocalized Pause
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A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh” “er” and “um”
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Vocal Variety
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Changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
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Pronunciation
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The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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Articulation
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The physical production of particular speech sounds
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Dialect
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A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar or vocabulary
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Organizing speeches on questions of fact
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• Organized Topically: Specific Purpose, Central Idea, Main Points
• Organized Spatially |
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Fallacies of reasoning
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Red Herring
Ad Hominem Either-Or Bandwagon Slippery Slope |
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Red Herring
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The fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attentions from the subject under discussion.
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Ad Hominem
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A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issues in dispute.
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Either-Or
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A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.
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Bandwagon
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A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable
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Slippery Slope
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: A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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Guidelines for informative speaking
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1. Don’t overestimate what the audience knows
2. Relate the subject to the audience 3. Don’t be too technical 4. Avoid abstractions ( descriptions, contrast and comparison) 5. Personalize your ideas |
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Artistic proof
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A speaker crates and has control over Logos, Pathos and Ethos; manipulated by the speaker
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Inartistic proof
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Things that are just their; can’t create or manipulate; like contracts and documents; not manipulated by the speaker
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Synecdoche
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a figurative speech where there is a part put in to the whole and the whole put in for a part-actually connected (ex: look at those wheels=car); an example of a Trope
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Toulmin’s model of argumentation
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1. Data: U.S has violated 50 out of 52 international agreements
2. Claim: U.S. will violate the proposed ban on green house gas emissions 3. Warrant: Past violations over symptomatic is probable future violations 4. Warrant is what connects the Data and the Claim together |
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Telos
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major point, goal, idea of speech; but may not be the Thesis in certain instances
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Tropes
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words or phrases or expressions used in a figurative sense (examples: metaphors or irony)
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Inductive form of argument
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reasoning from specific to general, it is the opposite of Deductive Reasoning (reasoning from general to specific)
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History Epideictic
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• First occurred only in Greek festivals
• Speech of display of great rhetorical skills and rich in word • Aristotle changed it to a praise and blame speech • Cicero kept it as praise and blames speech but lacked I seriousness • Now it is toasts, acceptance speeches, introduction speeches, presentations, commemorative speeches |
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Thesis of Roger Soder reading
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Skills of persuasion are necessary for leadership, because if a leader isn’t persuasive he won’t have a following
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