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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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forensic oratory
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in ancient greece, speech addressing legal matters, such as the settlement of disputes
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deliberative
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in ancient greece, speech addressing legislative or political policy issues
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epideictic
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in ancient greece, speech addessing special occasions, such as celebrations and funerals
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invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery
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Aristotle's five parts to preparing a speech
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canons of rhetoric
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a classical approach to speechmaking in which the speaker divides a speech into 5 parts
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Invention
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adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case
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arrangement
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organizing the speech in ways that are best suited to the topic and the audience
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memory
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the practice of the speech until it can be artfully delivered
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delivery
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the vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking
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dyadic communication
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form of communication between two people, as in a conversation
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small group communication
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human communication that involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly to one another
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mass communication
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form of communication that occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people
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public speaking
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form of communication when a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech
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opportunities for feedback, level of preparation, degree of formality
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How does public speaking differ from other forms of communication?
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souce, receiver, message, channel, shared meaning, context, goals, and outcome
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Elements present in public speaking
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source
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also known as the sender, is the person who creates a message
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encoding
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the cumulative process of the source transforming thoughts into messages and delivering them to an audience
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receiver
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recipient of the source's message, or audience
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decoding
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the process of interpreting the message
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audience perspective
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determining the needs, attitudes, and values of your audience before you begin speaking
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message
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thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions
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channel
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the medium through which the speaker sends a message
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physiological, physical, psychological
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the three types of noise
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context
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includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, or the occasion, and ultimately the message itself
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rhetorical situation
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circumstance that calls for a public response
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cultural intelligence
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the willingness ot learn about other cultures and gradually reshape your thinking and behavior in response to what you've learned
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topic
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something to speak about
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audience analysis
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the process of gathering and analyzing demographic and psychological information about audience members with the explicit aim of adapting your message to the information you cover
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specific purpose
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a declarative sentence stating what you expect the speech to accomplish
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supporting material
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illustrates the main points by clarifying, elaborating, and verifying the speaker's ideas
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feedback loop
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the continual flow of feedback between speaker and listener. A situation in which successful speakers adjust their message based on their listener's reactions, and vice versa
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selective perception
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people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others
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defensive listening
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a poor listening behavior in which the listener reacts defensively to a speaker's message
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example
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illustrates, describes, or represents things; it can be brief, extended, real or hypothetical
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narrative
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a story, either real or imaginary, short or dawn out in length. can constitute a small part of the presentation or serve as a basis for the speech itself
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testimony
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firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people both lay (nonexpert) or expert
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facts
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actual events, dates, tiems, and places that can be independently verified
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statistics
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data that demonstrate relationships
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frequency
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the count of the amt of times something occurs
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percentage
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the quantified portion of the whole
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average
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describes information according to its typical characteristics
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cherry-pick
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selectively presenting only those statistics that buttress your point of view while ignoring competing data
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oratory
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the art of public speaking
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rhetoric
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the practice of oratory, or public speaking
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agora
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in ancient greece, a public square or market place
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forum
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in ancient rome, a public space in which people gathered to deliberate about the issues of the day
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public forum
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any physical or virtual space in which people gather to voice their ideas about their public issues
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public speaking anxiety
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fear or anxiety associated with a speaker's actual or anticipated communication to an audience
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Protagoras
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father of debate
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Plato
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against public speaking because it could be used for bad ends
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Aristotle
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Plato's student who said that public speaking should be used to uphold truth and justice, it was amoral
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Cicero
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roman attorney, in the senate, brilliant speech writer, murdered and sent hand and tongue to senate door to send a message
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Spotlight Syndrome
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afraid of being the center of attention
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pre-preparation anxiety, preparation anxiety, pre-performance anxiety, performance anxiety
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Types of public speaking anxiety
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pre preparation anxiety
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form of PSA that occurs the moment speakers learn they must give a speech
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preparation anxiety
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form of PSA that arises when the speaker begins to prepare for a speech, at which point he or she might feel overwhelmed at the amount of time and planning required
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pre performance anxiety
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form of PSA that occurs when the speaker begins to rehearse a speech
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performance anxiety
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from of PSA that occurs the moment a speaker begins to deliver a speech
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visualization
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an exercise for building confidence in which the speaker closes his or her eyes and envisions a series of positive feelings and reactions that will occur on the day of the speech
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listening
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the conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting the messages communicated by others
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dialogue
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through words
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dialogic communication
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the sharing of ideas and open discussion through words
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active listening
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a multistep, focused, and purposeful process of gathering and evaluating information
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hearing
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physiological and passive
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reception, selection, organization, motivation
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four steps of the listening process
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listening distraction
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anything that competes for a listener's attention: the source of the distraction may be internal or external
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external listening distraction
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anything in the environment that distracts listeners from receiving the speaker's message
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internal listening distraction
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thoughts and feelings, both positive and negative, that intrude on our attention as we attempt to listen to a speaker
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valid generalization
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a generalization that is supported by different types of evidence from different sources and that does not make claims beyond a reasonable point
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overgeneralization
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an attempt to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for everyone concerned
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spare brain time
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speak on avg 120-150wmp but brain can process language much more rapidly
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message overload, message complexity, noise
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what are the external obstacles to listening
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preoccupation, prejudgement, lack of effort, not adapting to the speaker's style, using emotionally charged words that turn you off,
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internal obstacles to listening
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responsibility
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a charge, trust, or duty for which one is accountable
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ethics
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refers to the responsibilities speakers have toward both their audience and themselves. It also encompasses the responsibilities that listeners have toward speakers
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ethos
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the greek word for character
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speaker credibility
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also known as ethos
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values
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our most enduring judgements or standards of what's important to us
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first amendment
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plays a pivotal role in enforcing these safeguards by guaranteeing freedom of speech
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free speech
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the right to be free from unreasonable constraints on expression
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fighting words
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a speech that uses language that provokes people to violence
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slander
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defamatory speech
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reckless disregard for the truth
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a quality of defamatory speech that is legally liable
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invective
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verbal attack
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conversation stopper
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speech to discredit, demean and belittle those with whom one disagrees
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rules of engagement
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the ways we relate to one another in the public arena
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dignity
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refers to ensuring that your listeners feel "worthy, honored, or respected" as individuals
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integrity
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the quality of being incorruptible or able to avoid compromise for the sake of personal expediency
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trustworthiness
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a combination of honor and dependability
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respect
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treating people right
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heckler's veto
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speech meant to drown out a speaker's message; such speech silences freedom of expression
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stereotype
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a generalization about an apparent characteristic of a group, culture, or ethnicity that falsely claims to define all of its members
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hate speech
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any offensive communication, verbal or nonverbal, directed against people's racial, ethnic, religious, gender or any other characteristics
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true, recent, provable, complete, reasonable
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what are the characteristics of ethical evidence for speechmaking
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fairness
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the act of making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and to be open-minded
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wholesale plagiarism
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cut and paste materials and say they are your own
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patchwrite plagiarism
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copying material and changing or rearranging their words and sentences structures to make it appear that it is your own
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copyright
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legal protection afforded original creators of literacy or artistic works, including works classified as literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, audiovisual, sound recording or architectural
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public domain
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bodies of work, including publications and processes, available for public use without permission, not protected by copyright or patent
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intellectual property
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the ownership of an individual's creative expression
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fair use
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permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, and research
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target audience
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portion of the entire audience
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size of audience, location/physical setting, time of day, length of speech, rhetorical situation/context
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what should you look for when you are analyzing the speech setting?
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audience-centered approach
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an approach to speech preparation in which in each phase of the speech preparation process from selection and treatment of the speech topic to making decisions about organization, language, and method of delivery is geared toward communicating a meaningful message to the audience
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pandering
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to identify with values that are not your own in order to win approval from an audience
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attitudes
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a predisposition to respond to people, ideas, objects, or events in evaluative ways
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beliefs
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the ways in which people perceive reality
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perspective taking
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the identification of audience members' attitudes, values, beliefs, needs, and wants and the integration of this information into the speech context
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identification
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a feeling of commonality with another; when appropriate, effective speakers attempt to foster a sense of identification between themselves and audience members
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captive audience
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an audience in attendance not because they necessarily freely choose to listen to a speech but because they must
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demographics
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statistical characteristics of a given population; characteristics typically considered in the analysis of audience members include age, gender, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, and religious and political affiliation
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generational identity
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the collective cultural identity of a generation or a cohort
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socioeconomic status
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includes income, occupation, and education
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gender
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our social and psychological sense of ourselves as males or females
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sexist language
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language that oversimplifies or distorts ideas about the innate nature of what it means to be male or female
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gender stereotypes
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oversimplified and often severely distorted ideas about the innate nature of men or women
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persons with disabilities
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a person whose physical or mental impairment substantially limits his or her major life activities
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co-culture
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a community of people whose perceptions and beliefs differ significantly from those of other groups within the larger culture
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individualistic culture
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a culture that tends to emphasize personal identity and the needs of the individual rather than those of the group, upholding such values as individual achievement and decision making
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collectivist culture
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a culture that tends to emphasize the needs and desires of the larger group rather than those of the individual
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uncertainty avoidance
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the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguity
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high-uncertainty avoidance culture
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a culture patter where they tend to structure life more rigidly and formal to their members
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low-uncertainty avoidance culture
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a culture pattern that tends to be more accepting of uncertainty in life and therefore allow more variation in individual behavior
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power distance
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a measure of the extent to which a culture values social equality versus tradition and authority
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high level power culture
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a culture pattern where they tend to be organized along more rigidly hierarchical lines with greater emphasis placed on honoring authority
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low level power culture
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a culture pattern where they tend to place higher value on social equality
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time dimension orientation
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refers to the degree to which a culture values behavior that is directed to future rewards versus behavior that is directed toward the present
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linear-active culture
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a culture in which members approach tasks systematically, preferring to do things one at a time and in an orderly fashion
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multi active cultures
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a culture in which members tend to do many things at once, are people oriented, and extroverted
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reactive cultures
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a culture in which members rarely initiate discussions or actions, preferring to listen to what others have to say first
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interviews, surveys, observation of audience members, published sources that have already analyzed large sample populations, such as census data
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what are the techniques for analyzing your audience
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closed-ended question
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a question designed to elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer
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fixed alternative questions
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a closed-ended question that contains a limited choice of answers, such as yes no or sometimes
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scale questions
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also called attitude scale, a closed-ended question that measures the respondent's level of agreement or disagreement with specific issues
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open-ended questions:
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a question designed to allow respondents to elaborate as much as possible; particularly useful for probing beliefs and opinions
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general speech purpose
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a declarative statement that answers the question, "why am i speaking on this topic for this particular audience and occasion?"
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informative speech
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to define, describe, explain, or demonstrate knowledge on the topic
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persuasive speech
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speech whose general purpose is to effect some degree of change in the audience's beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior
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special occasion speeches
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a speech whose general purpose is to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda
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brainstorming
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a problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous generation of ideas through word association, topic mapping, or even internet browsing of subject indexes
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word association
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a brainstorming technique in which you write down ideas as they occur to you, beginning with a single word, in order to generate and narrow speech topics
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topic map
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a brainstorming technique in which you lay out the words in diagram form to show categorical relationships among them
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specific speech purpose
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a refined statement of purpose that zeroes in more closely than the general purpose on the goal of the speech
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thesis statement
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the theme, or central idea of a speech that serves to connect all the parts of the speech. the main points, the supporting material, and the conclusion all relate to this
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artistic proofs and inartistic proofs
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what are the types of proofs created by aristotle?
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the speaker creates these things
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what are artistic proofs
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ethos, pathos, and logos
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what are the types of artistic proofs
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the speaker's character and credibility
initial, derived, terminal |
what is ethos and what are the types?
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emotion, this can lead to someone being a demagogue--> someone using emotionally charged words to distort
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what is pathos?
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logic
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what is logos?
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primary research
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original or firsthand research
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secondary research
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information which is recorded by others
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database
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a searchable place in which information is stored
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full-text database
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database in which at least some of the records contain the full text of articles
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reference librarian
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a librarian trained to help library users locate information resources
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periodical
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regularly published magazine or journal which is considered credible by most people
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refereed journals
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articles in academic journals which is written by experts in the field, contain many citations by experts, and are evaluated by other experts before they are published
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fabrication
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the making up of information, such as falsifying data or experiments or claiming a source where none exists
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library portal
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an entry point into a large collection of research and reference information that has been selected and reviewed by librarians
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invisible web
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the portion of the web that includes pass-protected sites, documents behind firewalls, and the contents of proprietary databases
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propaganda
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information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response
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misinformation
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information that is false
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disinformation
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the deliberate falsification of information
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meta-search engine
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a search engine that searches several search engines simultaneously
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specialized search engine
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a search engine that searches for information only on specific topics
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subject directory
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a searchable database of web sites organized by categories
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paid placement
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the practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its search results and a guaranteed higher ranking within those results
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paid inclusion
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the practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its index of possible results without a guarantee of ranking
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informative speaking
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to increase the audience's awareness and understanding by imparting knowledge
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preview statement
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a statement included in the introduction of a speech in which the speaker identifies the main speech points that will be covered in teh body of the speech
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objects or phenomena, people, events, processes, issues, complex concepts
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types of informational speeches
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etymology
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illustrating your terms by present the root or historical meanings of it
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operational
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defines a term by explaining what it does
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negation
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defines a term by explaining what it is not
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example
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defines a term by providing several concrete examples
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synonym
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defines a term by comparing it to something it is similar to
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analogies
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an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process with a more familiar one in order to help the listener understand the one that is unfamiliar
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learning styles
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preferred ways of processing information; one theory suggests visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic modes of learning
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arrangement
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the strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience
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outlining
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the physical process of plotting speech points on the page in hierarchical order of importance
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parallel form
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the statement of equivalent speech points in similar grammatical form and style
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unity
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the quality of speech in which only those points that are implied by the purpose and thesis statements are included; nothing is extraneous or tangential
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balance
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a principle that suggest that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme
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transitions
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words, phrases, or sentences that tie speech ideas together and enable a speaker to move smoothly from one point to the next
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restate-forecast form
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a type of transition in which the speaker restates the point just covered and previews the point to be covered next
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internal preview
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an extended transition used within the body of a speech that alerts audience members to ensuing speech content
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topical pattern of arrangement
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a pattern of organizing main points as subtopics or categories of the speech topic
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chronological pattern of arrangement
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a pattern organizing speech points in a natural sequential order; it is used when describing a series of events in time or when the topic develops in line with a set pattern of actions or tasks
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spatial pattern of arrangement
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a pattern of organizing main points in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other; it is used when the purpose of a speech is to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object
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causal pattern of arrangement
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a pattern of organizing speech points in order, first of causes and then of effects or vice versa; it isused when the cause-effect relationship is well established
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problem-solution pattern of arrangement
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a patter of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide justification for a proposed solution
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narrative pattern of arrangement
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a pattern of organizing speech points so that the speech unfolds as a story, with characters, plot, setting, and vivid imagery
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circular pattern of arrangement
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a pattern of organizing speech points so that one idea leads to another, which leads to a third, and so forth until the speaker arrives back at the speech thesis
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working outline
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a preparation or rough outline that refines and finalizes the specific speech purpose, firms up and organizes main points, and develops, supporting material
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speaking outline
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a delivery outline to be used when practicing and actually presenting a speech
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sentence outline
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an outline in which each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form and in precisely the way the speaker wants to express the idea; used for working outline
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phrase outline
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a delivery outline that uses a partial construction of the sentence form of each point instead o fusing complete sentences that present precise wording for each point
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key-word outline
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the briefest of the three forms of outlines, the key-word outline uses the smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main and supporting points
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delivery cues
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brief reminder notes or prompts placed in the speaking outline; can refer to transitions, timing, speaking rate and volume, presentation aids, quotations, statistics, and difficult-to-pronounce or-remember names or words
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anecdote
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a brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real-life incident that links back to the speaker's theme
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ethical appeal
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an attempt to persuade audience members by appealing to speaker credibility
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call to action
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a challenge to audience members to act in response to a speech, see the problem in a new way, change their beliefs about the problem, or change both their actions and their beliefs with respect to the problem; placed at the conclusion of a speech
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