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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Group
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To be considered a group, you must be a gathering of people that interact with one another over a period of time to reach a goal or goals
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Definition of Cultural Gridlock
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A problem that occurs when the cultural differences in a group are so profound that they create tensions that block constructive discussion
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Embedded Narrative
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Stories inserted within speeches that illustrate the speaker's points
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Vicarious Experience Narrative
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Speech strategy in which the speaker invitesl isteners to imagine themselves enacting a story
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Master Narrative
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Form of speaking in which the entire speech becomes a story that reveals some important truth
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Prologue - Plot - and Epilogue
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Prologue - An opening that establishes the context and setting of a narrative, foreshadows the meaning, and introduces major characters.
Plot - The body of a speech that follows narrative design; unfolds in a sequence of scenes designed to build suspense. Epilogue - The final part of a narrative that reflects upon its meaning. |
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Groupthink
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Occurs when a single, uncritical frame of mind dominates group thinking and prevents the full, objective analysis of specific problems
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The reflective thinking approach by John Dewey
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1. Define the problem.
2. Generate the potential solutions. 3. Evaluating solution options. 4. Develop a plan of action 5. Evaluate the results |
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Focus Group
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A small group formed ot reveal the feelings or motivations of customers or clients.
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Two basic types of leadership behaviors
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1. Task Leadership Behavior.
2. Social Leadership behavior. |
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Transactional Leadership vs. Transformational LEadership
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1. Transactiosn leadership - Takes place in an environment based on power relationships and relies on reward and punishment to accomplish its ends.
2. Transformationa Leadership - Appeals to people's higher levels of motivation to contribution to a case and add to the quality of life on the planet. |
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How to plan an effective meeting
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1. Have a specific purpose for holding a meeting
2. Prepare an agenda and distribute it 3. Keep meetings short 4. Keep groups small. 5. Select people you know work well together 6. Plan the site of the meeting 7. Prepare in advance. |
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Call the question
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A motion that proposes to end discussion and bring to vote.
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Table the motion
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A move to suspend indefinitely the discussion of a motion
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Symposium
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- Group presentation in which speakers address different areas of an issue. Each speaker typically covers one aspect
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Panel Discussion
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Less formal than a symposium - Has a moderator featuring organized exchanges among speakers, directed by a moderatior.
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Roundtable
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All memebrs of the group are considered equal and areencourage to participate openly and fully in the proceedings. More interactive way of informally exchanging ideas, information, or opinionis iwht a small lgroup before a larger audienece
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Forum
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- Presnetationa lformat in which a grou pof specialists in different areas of subject respond to uestions from an audience.
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Fixing Cultural Gridlock
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1. Allow time for people to get acquainted before starting to work
2. Distribute an agenda before the meeting 3. Summarize discussions as the meeting progresses. Post key points of agreement. 4. Avoid using jargon 5. Be senstitive to cultural differneces. |
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Fixing groupthink
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1. Insist that participants evaluate the support behind recommendations.
2. Urge members to delay decisions until all have expressed their views. 3. Encourage critical questions from participants 4. Encourage debate of all recommendations. |
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Identification
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The feeling of closeness between speakers and listeners that may overcome personal and cultural differences
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Ways to establish and promote identification
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1. Tell stories that remind listeners of shared experiences (narratives)
2. Enjoy laughter 3. Utlizes heroes and heroines as shared role models. 4. Revive legends and traditions that remind listneres of their sharead heritage and values 5. Offer goals and visions ot inspire listeners to work together. |
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Magnification
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A speaker's selecting and emphasizing certain qualities of a subject to stress the values they represent.
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Two techinques that are basic to ceremonial speaking
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Magnification and Identification
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Ways to develop a speech of tribute
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1. Do not exaggerate the tribute
2. Focus on the persion being honored, not on yourself 3. Create vivid images of accomplishment 4. Be sincere |
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Guidelines for an effective master of ceremonies
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1. Know what is expected of you
2. Plan a good opener for the program 3. Be prepared to introduce the participants 4. Know the schedule and timetable so that you can keep the program on track 5. Make certain that any prizes or awards are kept near the podium 6. Plan your comments ahead of time 7. Practice your presentation 8. Make advance arragements for mealtime logistics 9. Be ready for the inevitable glitches 10. End the program strongly. |
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Vicarious Experience Narratives
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Speech strategin which the speaker invites listeners to imagine themselves enacting a story
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Prologue vs. Plot vs. Epilogue
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Prologue - The narrative design sets the scene for what will follow. The opening that establishes the context and setting of a narrative, foreshadows the meaning, and introduces major characters.
Plot - The body of a speech that follows narrative design; unfolds in a sequence of scenes designed to build suspense. Epilogue - the Final pat of a narrative that reflects upon its meaning. |
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Informative value
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A measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audeience. A speech is measured by how much new and important information or understand it provides the audience.
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What is the function of an informative speech
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Fucntions to enlighten by sharing ideas and information
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Ethics of Informative Speaking
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1. Be sure you can defend the morality of your choice of topic.
2. Mention all major positions on a topic. 3. Present all information that is vital. 4. Do not distort information. |
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Three impulses that informative speaking arises out of us
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1. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.
2. We seek to learn skills that are vital or enjoyable 3. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are made. |
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Five factors that affect attention
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1. Relevance
2. Intensity 3. Repetition 4. Novelty 5. Contrast |
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Ways to promote audience retention
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1. If yo uwant listeners to remerber your message, tell them why and how it relates to their lives.
2. Structural factors also affect how well a speech is retained. |
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Literal Analogy vs. Figurative Analogy
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Literal - A comparison drawn from subjects from the same field of experience
Figurative Analogy - A comparison drawn fro msubjects from essetnaill different fields of experience. |
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What is a briefing?
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A short informative presentation offered in an organizational setting that focuses upon plans, policies, or reports
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Guidelines for a good briefing?
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1. Brief
2. Organize your ideas before you speak 3. Rely heavily on facts, figures, expert testimonty, and short examples 4. Adapt your language to your audience. 5. Present message with confidence 6. Be prepared to answer tough questions. |
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Immediacy
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A quality of successful communication achieved when the speaker and audience experience a sense of closeness. The desire to communicate produces this.
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Habitual Pitch vs. Optimum Pitch
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Habitual - The level at which we speak most frequently
Optimum - The level that allows us to produce our strong voice with minimal effort and that permits variation up and down the scale. |
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Pitch, Rate, and Rhythm of speaking
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Pitch - The positions of the human voice on a scale ranging from low and deep to high and shrill.
Rate - The speed at which words are uttered Rhythm - Rate and stress patterns of vocal presentation within a speech |
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Vocal Distractions
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Filler words, such as er um, used in te place of a pause
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Articulation vs. Enunciation vs. Pronunciation
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Articulation - The manner in which individual speech sounds are produced Articulation is getting your thoughts across in a complete and understandable manner.
Enunciation - The manner in which individual words are articulated and pronounced in context Enunciation is correct and clear pronunciation of a word. Pronunciation - The use of correct sounds and of proper stress on syllables when saying words. refers to which sounds one says and what stress patterns one uses. For example, does the pronunciation of data resemble "d-at-uh" or "day-tuh"? Is the pronunciation of formidable more like "FORmidable" or "forMIDable"? |
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Dialect
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A speech pattern associated with an area of the country or with a cultural or ethnic background
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Proxemics and the two factors
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Proxemics is the study of how human beings use space during communication
1. Factor of Distance 2. Factor of Elevation |
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Impromptu Speaking
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Speaking on the spur of the moment in response to an unpredictable situation with limited time in preparation
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PREP formula
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1. State the point
2. Give a reason 3. or Example 4. Restate the Point |
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Judith Humphrey's six points for taking the stage
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1. Adopt the ATTITUDE that every public communication situation is an opportunity to influence inspire and motivate others.
2. Have the CONVICTION that what you bring to others will have great value 3. Create the CHARACER OF LEADERSHIP 4. Follow a great SCRIPT 5. Use the LANGAUGE fo leadership 6. Finally BELIEVE IN YOUR IDEAS |
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Why is the spoken word better than the written word?
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1. Spoken word is more spontaneous and less formal
2. The spoken word is more colorful and intense than the written word 3. Oral language is more interactive engaging listeners directly and personally 4. The spoke nword offers special constraints as well as opporuntiies |
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Three barriers to arouse emotions with langauge
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To arouse emotions, language must overcome barriers of:
1. Time 2. Distance. 3. Apathy |
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Denotative Meaning vs. Connotative Meaning
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1. Denotative - a Word is its dictionary definiotnin or generally-agreed on objective usage. Alcohol as a intoxicating beverage
2. Invests a subject wit hteh speaker's personal associations and emotions - Alcohol as an oil of conversation. |
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What words can do
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1. Shape perceptions
2. Arouse feelings 3. Bring listeners together 4. Prompt listeners to take action 5. Celebrate shared values |
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Ethical ways to use the power of words
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1. Avoid depictions that distort reality
2. Use words to support sound reasoning, not support it. 3. Use language to empower both past traditions and visions of the future 4. Use images to renew appreciation of shared values. 5. Avoid denigrating language |
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The six C's of Langauge Use
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1. Clarity
2. Color 3. Correctness 4. Concreteness 5. Conciseness 6. Cultural sensitivity |
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Neulogism
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An invented word that combines previous words in a striking new expression
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Amplification
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The art of developing ideas by restating them in a speec
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Euphmism and Doublespeak
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Euphemism - Words that soften or evade the truth of a situation - Ball security issues
Doublespeak - Words that point in the direct opposite from the reality ythey supposedly described - Friendly Fire. |
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Malapropisms
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Language errors that occur when a word is confused with another word that sounds like it
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Maxims
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Brief and particualry apt sayings. Allwo for shorter descritions
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Enduring MEtaphors
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1. Storms and the sea
2. The family 3. Light and Darkness 4. War and Peace |
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Synecdoche
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Represents a subject by focusing on a viid part of it or on something clearly associated with it. Ex: talking about latin America and the foods I eat, stuffed grape leaves and refriend peans. All hands ondeck
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Culturetypes
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Terms that express the values and goals of a grou's cultures. "New Frontiers" Idneitifes the values, identity and goals of a particular time. Terrorists after 91. THis company is devoted to the ideasl of modern, efficient, progressive science.
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Ideographs
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Comapct expressions ofa group's basic political faith. Democrayc, liberty, etc.All we ask is liberty and justice.
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Anthithesis
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Arranges different or opposides ideas in the same sentence to create a stark contrast - Laugh and cry. Run and Wal. There is a time to sow and a time to reap.
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Inversion
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Reverses the expected order of words in a phrase or sentence to make a statement more memorable and emphatic. Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your counry.
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Alliteration
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Repeition of initial sounds in closely connected words. Ex: Betware the nattering nabobs of negativism
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Onomatopoeia
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Words that imitate natural sounds. The creek gurgled and babbled down the river.
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Attitudes have 3 components
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1. Cognitive - Thoughts, beliefs, perceptions
2. Affective - Emotional context you have connected to the attiudse you huold. 3. Behavioral - Things you do as a result of the attitudse you have. |
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6 Characeristics of each attitude. What can change it?
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1. Intensity - Behavior indicative of intensitiy
2. Centrality - Importance of attitude 3. Salient - What comes into focus. 4. Direction 5. Stability - the longer you hold it 6. Clarity Persuasion -- under the latitude of attitude if your are neutral |
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Central Route to Persuasion vs. Peripheral Route to Persuasion
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Central Route - Hard Evidence, Proof, Logic. Ex: Concrete.
Peripheral - Emotional, appearance, likeability: Ex: Match |
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Foot in the door Techinque vs. Door in the face
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Foot in the door - Make a small request and escalate it
Door in the face - Ask for outrageous request - Ten de-escalate to what you really want. Use sparingly or else lose ethos |
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Criteria for a one-sided arguement
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1. Audience initially agrees with position
2. Audience is poorly educated 3. Audience required to give public vote (approval) 4. Comprehension of conlusion important |
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Two-sided argument criteria
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1. Well educated audience
2. Audience mutually disagrees with position 3. Audience exposed to later counter persuasion |
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What is impacting the audience?
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To impact the needs and interests of the audience.
1. Claim, evidence, analysis, impact argument. Impact is how claim / ev/analysis relates to the needs and interests of the audience. Demographics to find out what impacts them. |
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Four important uses of Langauge USE
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1. Influences how the audience SEES the argument
2. Makes the audience FEEL the argument 3. Influenecs hwo you IDENTIFY with your audience 4. Influences how audiences ACTS on the arguement |
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3 Components of Informative Speaking and 2 more
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1. Clarity
2. Balanced Development - - Imparilaity - points developed proportionally 3. Retention and Comprehension of topic - Repitition - Establish relationship between what the audience knows 4. Organization 5. Emphasis |
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6 types of format for information speaking
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1. Narrative
2. First hand account 3. Speech of analysis 4. Speech of description 5. Speech of exemplification 6. Speech of comparison 7. Speech of contrast |
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What is magnification and how do you do it?
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Take characteristocs a person you're speaking of and magnifity to make the person more attractive.
can be done through: 1. Triumph over obstacles 2. Unsual accomplishments 3. Show superior performance 4. Deosntrate unselfish motives 5. Show that they are benefit to society |
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What is identification
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Characters that create shared meaning
Can be done by: 1. Recognition of heroes/heroines 2. Narratives 3. Renewal of group commitment |
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Types of ceremonial speeches
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1. Speech of tribute
2. Speech of introduction 3. Speech of inspiration 4. After-Dinner speech |
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Keys to a good speech of tribute
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1. Don't exaggerate the tribute
2. Focus on person behing honored not yourself 3. Create vivid images of accomplishment 4. Be sincere |
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Keys to a good speech of intrdouction
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1. Make speaker feel welcome
2. Strengthen ethos of person 3. PRepaure audience for speech and things to hear |
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Keys to a good speech of inspiration
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1. Be enthusiastic
2. Draw on past successes or frustrations 3. Revitalize our appreciation for values / beliefs |
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John's Dewey's Grow Problem Solving Sequence
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1. Define the problem.
2. Generate possible solutions 3. Evaluate those solutions 4. Develop plan of action 5. Evaluate the results of that plan |
