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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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¬Hearing
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– the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
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Listening
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paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
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Appreciative listening
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listening for pleasure or enjoyment
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Empathetic listening
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- listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
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Comprehensive listening
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listening to understand the message of a speaker
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Critical listening
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– listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
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Spare “brain time”
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the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 worlds a minte)
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Active listening
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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
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Key- word outline
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an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
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• How to become a better listener
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o Take listening seriously
o Be an active listener o Resist distractions o Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery o Suspend judgement o Focus your listening • Listen for main points • Listen for evidence • Listen for technique o Develop note taking skills |
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Denotative meaning
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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Connotative meaning -
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the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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Thesaurus
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book of synonyms
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Concrete words
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– words that refer to tangible objects (people places things )
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Abstract words
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words that refer to ideas or concepts – (humility, science, progress, philosophy)
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Clutter
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discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express and idea
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Imagery
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the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
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Simile
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an explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between things that are essentially different yet have something in common “air pollution eating away the building like a alka seltzer”
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Cliché
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– a trite or overused expression
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Metaphor
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an implicit comparison, not introduces with the word “like or “as,” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common “america’s cities are windows through which the world looks at American society”
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Rhythm
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the patter of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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Parallelism
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– the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences “ rich and poor, wise and foolish”
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Repetition
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– reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentencts
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Alliteration
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- repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words “our colleges, our communities, our country should…. “
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Antithesis
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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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Inclusive language
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language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, or sexual orientation, or other factors
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Generic “he”
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the use of he to refer to both men and women
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• Using language vividly
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o Imagery
• Concrete words • Simile • Metaphor o Rhythm • Parallelism • Repetition • Alliteration • Antithesis |
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• Using language appropriately
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o Appropriateness to the occasion
o Appropriateness to the audience o Appropriateness to the topic o Appropriateness to the speaker |
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Nonverbal communication
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- communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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Rhythm
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the patter of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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Parallelism
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– the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences “ rich and poor, wise and foolish”
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Repetition
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– reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentencts
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Alliteration
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- repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words “our colleges, our communities, our country should…. “
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Antithesis
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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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Inclusive language
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language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, or sexual orientation, or other factors
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Generic “he”
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the use of he to refer to both men and women
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• Using language vividly
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o Imagery
• Concrete words • Simile • Metaphor o Rhythm • Parallelism • Repetition • Alliteration • Antithesis |
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• Using language appropriately
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o Appropriateness to the occasion
o Appropriateness to the audience o Appropriateness to the topic o Appropriateness to the speaker |
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Nonverbal communication
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- communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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Manuscript speech
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Impromptu speech
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Extemporaneous speech
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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Conversational quality
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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
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Volume
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– the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
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Pitch
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– the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice
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Inflections
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changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice
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Monotone
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- a constant pitch or tone of voice
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Rate
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– the speed at which a person speaks
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Pause
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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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Rhythm
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the patter of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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Parallelism
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– the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences “ rich and poor, wise and foolish”
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Repetition
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– reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentencts
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Alliteration
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- repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words “our colleges, our communities, our country should…. “
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Antithesis
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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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Inclusive language
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language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, or sexual orientation, or other factors
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Generic “he”
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the use of he to refer to both men and women
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• Using language vividly
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o Imagery
• Concrete words • Simile • Metaphor o Rhythm • Parallelism • Repetition • Alliteration • Antithesis |
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• Using language appropriately
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o Appropriateness to the occasion
o Appropriateness to the audience o Appropriateness to the topic o Appropriateness to the speaker |
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Nonverbal communication
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- communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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Manuscript speech
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Impromptu speech
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Extemporaneous speech
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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Conversational quality
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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
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Volume
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– the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
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Pitch
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– the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice
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Inflections
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changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice
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Monotone
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- a constant pitch or tone of voice
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Rate
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– the speed at which a person speaks
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Pause
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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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Vocalized pause
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– a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh” “er” and “um”
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Vocal variety
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changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that gives the voice variety and expressiveness
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Pronunciation
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– the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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Articulation
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– the physical production of particular speech sounds
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Dialect
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a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
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Kinesics
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- the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
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Gestures
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motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech
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• Methods of delivery
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o Reading from a manuscript
o Reciting from memory o Speaking impromptu o Speaking extemporaneously |
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• The speaker’s voice
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o Volume
o Pitch o Rate o Pauses o Vocal variety o Pronunciation o Articulation o Dialect |
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• The speaker’s body –
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o Personal appearance
o Movement o Gestures o Eye contact |
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Model
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an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail
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Graph
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a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
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Line graph
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a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time
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Pie graph
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graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
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Chart
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a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
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Bar graph
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– a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
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Transparency
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a visual aid draw, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector
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Font
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– a complete set of type of the same design
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• Guidelines for preparing visual aids
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o Prepare visual aids in advance
o Keep visual aids simple o Make sure visual aids are large enough o Use fonts that are easy to read o Use a limited number of fonts o Use color effectively o Avoid using the chalkboard o Display visual aids where listeners can see them o Avoid passing visual aids among the audience o Display visual aids only while discussing them o Talk to your audience, not your visual aid o Explain visual aids clearly and concisely o Practice with your visual aids |
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Persuasion
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– the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions
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Mental dialogue with the audience
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he mental give – and – take between speaking and listener during a persuasive speech
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Target audience
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– the protion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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Question of fact
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– a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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Question of value
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– a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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Question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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Speech to gain passive agreement
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– a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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Speech to gain immediate attention
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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Need
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the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
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Burden of proof
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– the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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Plan
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– the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
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Practicality
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policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Practicality - the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? |
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Problem-solution order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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Problem-cause-solution order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies the problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
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Comparative advantages order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
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Monroe’s motivated sequence
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- a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action, the fice steps of motivated sequence are** attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action
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Ethos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
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Credibility
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the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character
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Initial credibility
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the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
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Derived credibility
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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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Terminal credibility
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- the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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Creating common ground
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a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
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Evidence
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supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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Reasoning
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– the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
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Reasoning from specific instances
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– reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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Logos
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the names used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
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Hasty generalization
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an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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Reasoning from principle
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reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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Causal reasoning
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– reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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False cause
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an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one even follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its latin name post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning “after this therefore because of this”
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Analogical reasoning
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¬ reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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Analogical reasoning
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reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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Invalid analogy
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an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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Fallacy
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an error in reasoning
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red herring
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a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
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ad hominem
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– a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
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either-or –
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– a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
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bandwagon
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a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
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slippery slope
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– a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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pathos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotion appeal
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o Factors of credibility
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• Competence- intellect, expertise, knowledge
• Character- sincerity, trustworthiness, etc |
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o Fallacies- know 4 with examples
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• Red herring
• Ad hominem • Either-or • Bandwagon • Slippery slope |
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• Appealing to emotions
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o What are emotional appeals? – indended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraind, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like,→ appropriate ractions when the question is one of value or policy
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o Generating emotional appeal
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• Use emotional language
• Develop vivid examples • Speak with sincerity and conviction |
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Speech of introduction
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a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
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Speech of presentation
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a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Acceptance speech
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– a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Commemorative speech
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– a speech that pays its tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
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different SO speeches
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• Speeches of introduction
o Be brief o Make sure your remarks are completely accurate o Adapt your remarks to the occasion o Adapt your remarks to the main speaker o Adapt your remarks to the audience o try to create a sense of anticipation and drama • speeches of presentation • speeches of acceptance • commemorative speeches |
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dyad
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a group of two people
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small group
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– a collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
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problem-solving small group
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– a small group formed to solve a particular problem
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leadership
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the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group
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implied leader
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– a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
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emergent leader –
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a group member who emerges as a leader during the group’s deliberations
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designated leader
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a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formatted
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procedural needs
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routine “housekeeping” actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
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task needs
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substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
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maintenance needs
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communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
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hidden agenda
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a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole
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reflective-thinking method
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– a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group
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question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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criteria
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standards on which a judgment or decision can be based
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criteria
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standards on which a judgment or decision can be based
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brainstorming
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a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
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brainstorming
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a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
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consensus
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a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
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consensus
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a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
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oral report
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– a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group
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oral report
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– a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group
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symposium
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– a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topc
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symposium
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– a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topc
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panel discussion
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– a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience
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panel discussion
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– a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience
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• What is a small group?
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o Allows free discussion among members (3-12ish) – all members are potentially speakers and listeners
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• What is a small group?
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o Allows free discussion among members (3-12ish) – all members are potentially speakers and listeners
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• What is a problem solving small group?
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o Formed to solve a particular problem. Involves similar skills in small group as in public speaking
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• What is a problem solving small group?
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o Formed to solve a particular problem. Involves similar skills in small group as in public speaking
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• The reflective-thinking method- what are the stages and explain each one
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o Define the problem- know exactly what problem you are trying to solve.
o Analyze the problem- after problem is identified, investigate the problem o Establish criteria for solutions- don’t jump immediately into proposing solutions, look at the different options o generate potential solutions- come up with the widest possible range of solutions o select the best solution- evaluate solution and take everything into consideration then select it. |
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• The reflective-thinking method- what are the stages and explain each one
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o Define the problem- know exactly what problem you are trying to solve.
o Analyze the problem- after problem is identified, investigate the problem o Establish criteria for solutions- don’t jump immediately into proposing solutions, look at the different options o generate potential solutions- come up with the widest possible range of solutions o select the best solution- evaluate solution and take everything into consideration then select it. |
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question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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criteria
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standards on which a judgment or decision can be based
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brainstorming
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a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
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consensus
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a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
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oral report
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– a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group
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symposium
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– a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topc
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panel discussion
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– a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience
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• What is a small group?
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o Allows free discussion among members (3-12ish) – all members are potentially speakers and listeners
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• What is a problem solving small group?
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o Formed to solve a particular problem. Involves similar skills in small group as in public speaking
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• The reflective-thinking method- what are the stages and explain each one
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o Define the problem- know exactly what problem you are trying to solve.
o Analyze the problem- after problem is identified, investigate the problem o Establish criteria for solutions- don’t jump immediately into proposing solutions, look at the different options o generate potential solutions- come up with the widest possible range of solutions o select the best solution- evaluate solution and take everything into consideration then select it. |
