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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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best ways for safeguarding food...(2)
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COMMON SENSE
1- clean hands, tools, etc 2- don't use unusual looking and smelling foods (also damaged cans etc.) |
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food temperature guidlines...
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more in US than anywhere else in world
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______ has been a major force behind removal of major diseases like typhoid, cholera, shingellosis, & others
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sewage treatment
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content % in sewage
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99.9% water
0.1% solid or dissolved waste |
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waste contents include (5)
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human feces
detergents grease, garbage disposal waste, industrial waste **rain water & any waste carried by it** |
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serious problems may be caused by large amounts of waste ... why
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rivers are a major source of water & waste & sewage are dumped into rivers
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large amounts of untreated waste ... (can cause)
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disease outbreaks
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3 steps in sewage treatment
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1- primary
2- secondary 3- tertiary |
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what does the primary step in sewage treatment entail
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removal of as much solid waste as possible
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devices used in primary step of sewage treatment
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filters, skimmers, and chemical flocculating agents (ie: aluminum sulfate)
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secondary sewage treament entails
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biological degredation using microbes (sphaerotilus, beggiatoa)
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the oxygenation maintained to facilitate breakdown in secondary sew. trtmt is what kind of process
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aerobic process
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anaerobic process in 2ndary s.t. uses organisms like...
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methanoccus and peptococcus ( in sludge digesters - methane is produced as a by product and used for cooking & heating
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what is the undigested material removed from 2ndary s.t. used for
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soil conditioner
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what part of 2ndary s.t is released in rivers
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effluent is chlorinated and released
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t/f -- municipal sewage treatment (3 steps) is not really required by law in all municipalities
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f
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the most expensive type of municipal s.t is
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tertiary -- (involves both physical and chemical)
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what can be an issue with tertiary treatment in the US
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chlorine use -- many European countries use ozone instead
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how many American families use a septic tank system
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about 50 million
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the beneficial septic microbes may be damaged by flushing..
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poisons or grease
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septic...drains need to be replaced typically every
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10-15 years
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composting toilet (european system)
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clivus multrium
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clivus multrium primarily deals with...
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urine
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after 2-4 years in the clivus multrium what happens
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the rich hummus is applied to garden soil
(why not just piss in the garden?) |
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know the different h2o treatment mechanisms etc.
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yeah!
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where would organic chlorination typically be used
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long haul ships
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how much water is rendered pottable per citizen daily in USA
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1800 gallons
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2 sources of water
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surface (rivers & lakes) and ground water
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how many steps in water purification
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10 steps
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#1 -- aeration
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removes taste, odor, iron and manganese rendered insoluble
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#2 -- what gases are removed
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dissolved gases...Co2 etc.
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#3 -- what adds freshness
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oxygen
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#4 -- sedimentation
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removes turbidity, organisms, etc
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#5 -- filtration type
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sand bed filtration
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#6 -- softening
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makes water more ussable. Nazeolite is used (Ca & Mg are removed, Na is added)
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#7 -- disinfection
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Na or K hypochlorite is used to kill microbes
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#8 -- absorption
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activated charcoal (odor & any taste are removed)
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#9 -- corrosion correction
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Bitumen (inert tar coal prod) used to surface inside of iron pipes
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use of biumen in iron pipes prevents
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tb
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#10 -- UV light
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might one day replace chlorination
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cryptosporidium parvum causes
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diarrhea
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testing water basically revolves around identifying
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e-coli
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lactose fermentation tests
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coliforms in water
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eosin methylene blue agar
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green metallic sheen
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filter paper disc
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e.coli, no more than 1.05 colony forming units/ml allowed
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how many people die/day from bad water
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30,000
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relative % of water
atmosphere sea rivers lakes & glaciers saline lakes ground moisture snow caps |
.001
97.124 .0003 .015 .007 .003 2.225 |
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largest aquifer in US
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Ogalala
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know table 26.1
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know table 26.1
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increase bio oxygen demand of water
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organic wastes
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cause disease in humans who drink the water
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pathogenic organisms
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increase the salinity and acidity of water and render it toxic
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inorganic chemicals and minerals
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can cause birth defects, cancer, neurological damage, and other illness
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synthetic organic chemicals (herbicides, pesticides etc.)
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cause excessive and sometimes uncontrolled growth of aquatic plants...impart undesirable tastes to drinking water
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plant nutrients
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cause silting of waterways and destruction of hydroelectric equipment near dams. reduce light reaching plants in water and oxygen content in water
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sediments from land erosion
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can cause cancer, birth defects, radiation sickness in large doses
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radioactive waste
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reduces oxygen solubility in water. alters habitats and kinds of organisms present.
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heated water
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nuclear plant is US..water is still contaminated
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3 mile island
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how many midnight dumping sites
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over 3000
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chemical company that dumped waste into Love Canal in New York
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Hooker Chemical Co
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Nobel prize for synthesis of DDT
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Hans Mueller
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how many tons of DDT sprayed on US soil
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800 million tons from 1948 - 1974
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most polluted city in the world
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Cubatao, Brazil
(increases of bladder cancer) |
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polluting gases which are completely absent from the normal atmosphere
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nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, sulfur trioxide
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polluting gases present in normal atmosphere but their quantities are very low
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nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone
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size of ozone whole
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77000 sq miles
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how many extinct species b/c of climate change
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at least 36000 - 43000 species
30-40 species/hectare (here) 400/hectare (rainforest) |
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major rain forest products
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quinine, cinchona, coco
catharanthus roseus - antidiabetic taxol |
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shaw's botanical garden
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peter raven
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predicted increase in sea levels by 2050
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9 foot increase
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process removes co2 from the atmosphere
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photosynthesis
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phenomena associated with DDT
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bio-accumulation
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tons of solid waste per year
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5.5 billion
(65 kg per day per person) |
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fate of solid waste in the USA
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depo in landfills -- 82%
incinerated -- 7% recycled -- 10% composted -- 1% |
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sources of solid waste
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agriculture - 51%
mining - 38% industrial - 8% municipal - 3% |
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trees cut down per week
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1 million
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ozone shield destruction (2)
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chlorofluorocarbons,
halons (contain bromine) |
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secondary pollutant (not sure signif)
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peracetonitryls (PANs)
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chlorinated hydrocarbons (broad spectrum insecticides) may cause...
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nerve poisons that cause convulsions, paralysis, and death
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organophosphates (broad & narrow spectrum insecticides) may cause
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nerve poisons that inactivate the enzyme that transmits impulses (half life 1-12 weeks)
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carbamates (broad & narrow spectrum insecticides)
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nerve poisons
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t/f
Archaeological evidence show that even 2000 BC city planning kept in mind such environmental considerations (safe water, disposal of waste, clean air tec) |
true
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environmental movements became prevalent in US when
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1960 mannnn
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when was the epa created
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1970
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according to wack jobs....
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6 Environment today compared to what should have been
o In last 75-100 years has changed environment more than billion years that this Earth has been in existence |
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Pollution: What is it?
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Substance completely absent in normal environment normally or quantity greater than normal
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What are the sources of pollution?
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Single largest group of pollutants are chemicals
Heat is a pollutant: Global warming Radiation – UV light Sound |
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What is polluted rather what is NOT polluted?
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There is no place on Earth that is NOT polluted
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what is the most polluted part of the atmosphere
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troposphere (what we depend on for inhalation)
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what does the stratosphere project
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uv light from extra-terrestrial bodies
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main source of damage to stratosphere
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chlorofluorocarbons
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30,000 die/day from ____
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dirty water
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type of smog causing a major problem in California
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photochemical smog
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how are PANs formed
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burning of fossil fuels
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temperature inversion is capable of _____...
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suspending polluted air for weeks
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ozone destruction caused by ____
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CFCs & halons
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uv rays can be class as ___
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mutagenic
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#1 source of drinking water
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surface water
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ogalala means
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life sustaining
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Brought national birds onto list of endangered species because _______ interferes in calcium metabolism and thinning of egg shells took place
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DDT
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1975 law -- all municipalities over _____ people must have at least a ______ level of sewage treatment facility
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10,000
secondary |
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common source of halons
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fire extinguishers
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4 environmental effects of major concern
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photochemical smog
acid deposition greenhouse effect destruction of ozone |
