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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What activities do vets do in public health?
1. Help control zoonoses
2. Active in biomedical research
3. Monitor and promote food safety
4. promote food security by supervising animal production hygiene
What is the defination of food and safety?
Food: something that nourishes, sustains, or supplies nutrients that are used to maintain life and growth

Safety: freedom from disease and injury
What is th defination of food security?
The availability of food and one's access to it
When is a household considered food secure?
When its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation
How many americans are affected each year by foodborne disease?
1 out of 4
How many cases are there of foodborne illness each year in the US?
81 million
How many hospitalizations are there because of foodborne illness each year in the US?
350,000
How many deaths are there because of foodborne illness each year in the US?
5,000
How much does foodborne illness directly cost each year in the US?
$23 billion
How much does foodborne illness indirectly cost each year in the US?
$23-46 billion
Who is at the greatest risk for foodborne disease?
* Elderly, children, immunocompromised
Who is responsible for surveilance of foodborne disease?
CDC (FoodNet & PulseNet)
Who is responsible for regulation of foodborne disease?
* FDA, CFSAN (domestic and imported foods not regulated by UDSA, FSIS)

* USDA,FSIS (meat & poultry, egg products)

* DOC,NMFS (most fish)
Who regulates egg products? Shelled eggs?
* Egg Products: USDA

* Shelled Eggs: FDA
Who regulates all meat and poultry
USDA
FoodNet is active sureillance of which branches
Active surveillance by CDC, USDA, FDA, and state health department
How many FoodNet sites monitor 13% of US population
Ten sites in the US monitors 13% of US population
What are the 4 components of FoodNet
1. Survey of clinical laboratories
2. Survey of physicians
3. Survey of populations
4. Epidemiological studies of outbreaks of E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes
What are the 4 levels of FoodNet's active surveillance program
1.Top: Surveillance: reported to health dept or CDC

2. Laboratory Survey
•Culture confirmed case
•Lab tests for organism

3.Physicians Survey
•Specimen obtained
•Person seeks care

4. Bottom: population survey
•Person becomes ill
•Illness in general population
How many FoodNet clinical labratories are there in 10 sites/states?
650
How many foodborne pathogens are there?
Estimated 250
What is considered an "outbreak"
2 or more cases of similar illness resulting from ingestion of a common food
What is the most common cause of foodborne illness
Bacteria!

* Also viruses, parasites, natural and manufactured chemicals, and toxins from organisms
What are the 7 frequent foodborne pathogens that FoodNet actively monitors?
1.Campylobacter sp.
2.Salmonella sp.
3. Shigella sp.
4. E. coli
5. Listeria monocytogenes
6. Vibrio sp.
7. Yersinia enterocolitica
What foodborne pathogens were added to FoodNet's active surveillance program in 1996?
Added protozoans Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in 1996 due to outbreaks from imported fruits
Where are levels of foodborne illness from campylobacter highest?
California
How has campylobacter been reduced?
Control of broilers
Which states have the highest incidence of foodborne illness?
California & Georgia (1996)

Minnesota (2000)
What are the top three causes of bacterial foodborne illness?
Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella
What was the % of incidence change of shigella from 96-98 to 2009?
55% Decrease
What was the % of incidence change of yersinia from 96-98 to 2009?
53% Decrease
What was the % of incidence change of STEC 0157 from 96-98 to 2009?
41% Decrease
What was the % of incidence change of campylobacter from 96-98 to 2009?
30% Decrease
What was the % of incidence change of listeria from 96-98 to 2009?
26% Decrease
What was the only food-borne pathogen to meet the Healthy People standard in 2010?
STEC 0157
What was the % of incidence change of salmonella from 96-98 to 2009?
10% decrease
What was the % of incidence change of vibrio from 96-98 to 2009?
85% increase
What was the % of incidence change of cryptosporidium from 96-98 to 2009?
No change
What is PulseNet?
An active surveillance, early warning system for outbreaks of foodborne diseases by detecting clusters of cases of diseases via a molecular DNA “fingerprinting” electronic network
Who is responsible for comparing "fingerprints" (isolates) from several public health labs?
CDC
How does PulseNet sort out E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes?
*Uses pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to sort out E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes
Where are the PulseNet labs found?
Found in most states, 2 federal agencies (USDA,FDA), & 5 Canadian labs
What is PulseNet?
An active surveillance, early warning system for outbreaks of foodborne diseases by detecting clusters of cases of diseases via a molecular DNA “fingerprinting” electronic network
Who is responsible for comparing "fingerprints" (isolates) from several public health labs?
CDC
What 6 factors is growth dependent on?
1. Nurtrients
2. Acid
3. Time
4. Temp
5. Oxygen
6. Moisture
What are the 4 phases of the bacterial growth curve?
1. Lag Phase
2. Log Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase
What is water activity (Aw)?
* Vapor pressure of a food divided by the vapor pressure of pure water

* Measure of water availability in the food
At what water activity do most microbes require to grow? Molds?
* Most microbes require 0.99 Aw to grow

* Molds can grow down to 0.80 Aw
What temperature is best for growth of thermophiles?
Above 45'C
What temperature is best for growth of mesophiles?
20 to 45'C
What temperature is best for growth of psychotrophic microbes?
Below 20'C
What are the 3 main factors for bacterial foodborne illness?
1. Food handling: contamination and temperature abuse

2. Changes in foods consumed

3. Changing disease potentials