• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/138

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

138 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
4 goals of public health:
prevent disease, create healthy communities, reduce environmental hazards, link people to HCPs
sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within population, group or area
epidemic
ongoing presence of disease within population, group or area
endemic
disease occuring over large geographical area
pandemic
# new cases
incidence
# total cases at a given time
prevalence
2 factors that affect prevalence:
incidence and duration of disease
proportion of people with disease who test +
sensitivity
proportion of people without the disease who test negative
specificity
promotion of health at individual and community levels by promoting healthy behavior and preventing onset
primary prevention
identify and control disease in early stages, reduce prevalence
secondary prevention
prevent disability by restoring affected individuals to their optimal level of functioning after a disease or injury, prevent recurrence and slow progression
tertiary prevention
5 steps of public health prevention
define problem and implement surveillance, ID causes, develop and test interventions, implement interventions, evaluate interventions
means of zoonosis transmission
farming, handling raw animal products (bonemeal, hides), hunting/camping, eating untreated/uncooked meat or dairy, consuming animal urine
diseases associated with untreated dairy:
brucellosis, campylobacter, E coli, haverhill fever, Q fever, salmonella, tick borne encephalitis
diseases associated with skinning/butchering wild animals
plague, rabies, tularemia
diseases associated with butchering farm animals
anthrax, brucellosis, crimean-congo, skin infections, strep skin and suis infections
diseases associated with uncooked meat
campylobacter, E coli, tapeworms, salmonella, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis
diseases associated with urine
leptospirosis and lyme disease
diseases associated with warm climates
arbovirus, borreliosis, hantavirus, tick borne encephalitis
incubation period of brucellosis
1-2 mo
irregular fever, sweats, malaise and headache, variable organ involvement
brucellosis
dx and tests of brucellosis:
blood culture (7-21 days), bone marrow culture, serology
disease caused by Yersinia pestis
plague
means of transmission of plague
regurgitated through mouthparts of infected fleas, often found on rodents; also transmitted through droplets from person to person
incubation period of plague
1-7, up to 12 days
abrupt onset of sx, fever, chills, toxemic, bacteremic, localized infection, hemorrhage, buboes surrounded by boggy hemorrhagic edema and possible pus discharge, pneumonitis toward end
plague
dx and tests for plague
pulmonary failure in 24-36 hours, chest x ray, gram stain smears of lymph node aspirate pus, sputum gram stain
complications of plague
hemorrhagic necrosis and degeneration of organs
sexual cycle of toxoplasmosis occurs in:
cats
tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue and develop into tissue cyst bradyzoites
toxoplasmosis
major killer of humans until beginning of 20th century
infectious diseases
rule 1 of Koch's postulate
organism must be present in every active case of disease
rule 2 of Koch's
organism must be isolated and grown in lab culture
rule 3 of Koch's
when injected with lab grown culture, test animals must develop disease
rule 4 of Koch's
organism must be isolated from newly infected animals and repeated process must produce same result
Rhabdoviridae causes
rabies
means of rabies transmission
saliva of bats (most common) or other infected animals
first line of defense for rabies prevention
vaccinate dogs and cats
rabies progression
infects brain then travels to salivary glands when it is them transmittable
means of transmission for smallpox
aerosol or touch
cluster of cognitive, behavioral and phsyiological sx indicating that individual continues use of substance despite significant substance-related problems
dependence
need for greatly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
tolerance
maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to repeated use of substance
substance abuse
required time for substance abuse
continuous use over 12 mo
plasma concentrations of nicotine reach their peaks at
1.5-3 min
plasma concentrations of nicotine return to baseline after
2-3 hours
2 phases of nicotine dependence
stimulation of pleasure response and relaxed state
levels of dopamine are ____ with smoking
increased
3 classifications of smoking cessation interventions
behavioral, pharm and alternative
5 As of smoking intervention
Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange
anti-depressent used for smoking cessation
Bupropion
partial agonist selective for nicotine acetylcholine receptor subtypes
varenicline
CV risk factors:
high cholesterol, smoking, high BP and DM
2 causes of death encompassed by CVD
heart disease and stroke
1st stage of plaque development
fatty streak
2 components of tobacco that increase risk of CVD the most
CO and nicotine
risk factors for BP:
obesity, smoking, stress, increased Na intake
study of distribution and determinant of disease in humans
epidemiology
type of epidemiology focused on population/communities, studies origin of health problems especially those related to nutrition and environment, human behavior, social/psych/spiritual
classical
type of epidemiology focused on study of actual patients in health care setting
clinical
type of epidemiology focused on the nature and pathogenesis of infection, structure and classification of pathogens
infectious disease
type of epidemiology focused on chronic degenerative diseases that affect people in their prime thus taking away productive years
chronic disease
type of epidemiology focused on study of use and effects of drugs in large # of people
pharmacoepi
type of observational study: # with disease and exposed compared to unexposed; most common
cohort
type of observational study: 10-20 years or longer, also called follow-up, longitudinal
prospective cohort
type of observational study: past records are used
retrospective cohort
type of observational study: 2 groups are compared: 1 with disease and 1 without
case-control
type of observational study: subjects selected regardless of exposure of disease
cross-sectional
it is determined that the exposure is associated with the disease when it isn't
type I error
it is determined that there is no association between exposure and the disease when there really is
type II error
cause of most type I and II errors:
small N value
probability that a person with disease was exposed
odds ratio, a x d / b x c
probability that new persons moving into contaminated area (+factor) will develop disease
risk ratio, a/a+b / c/c+d
equation for sensitivity
a/a+c
equation for specificity
d/b+d
portion of those people who test negative who are actually free of disease
positive predictive value, a/a+b
proportion of those people who test negative who are actually free of disease (actually free of disease/all who test negative)
negative predictive value, d/c+d
high priority agents, easily disseminated or transmitted, high mortality rates
category A
category A agents
anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic faver
moderately easy to disseminate, moderate morbidity and low mortality
category B
category B agents
brucellosis, epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens, food safety threats, glanders, melioidosis, psittacosis, Q fever, ricin toxin, staph entertoxin B, typhus fever, viral encephalitis, alphavirus, water safety threats
capable to be engineered for mass dissemination in future because of availability, ease of production and dissemination; potential for high morbidity and mortalitity
category C
category C agents
hantavirus, nipah virus
ideal qualities of biological agents (8)
high rate of illness, high rate of death, short time between onset and death, low level of immunity, no effective tx, transmitted person to person, easy to produce/disseminate, difficult to dx
steps for epidemiological assessment
formulate case definition to determine actual # of cases and attack rate; describe epidemic
target of HIV
CD4-T lymphocytes
most common route of HIV transmission in US; developing countries
IV drug use; heterosexual relations
reservoir for most emerging viruses
animals
most common zoonotic reservoirs
rodents and arthropods
common transmission pattern of zoonotic diseases (3 steps)
ingestion, penetration, multiplication
ecological factors of zoonotic diseases (7)
population, deforestation, irrigation, increased long distance travel, increased long distance shipping of livestock and bird migration, breakdown of PH efforts
coronavirus causes
SARS
means of SARS transmission
close person to person contact; person to surface contact
fever, headache, hemmorrhage, acute renal failure, pulm edema and shock, mortality rate of 5-10%
Hantavirus
unfamiliar features of travel associated diseases
vulnerability to infections unfamiliar to their home based medical services; includes presenting features, dx method, management requirements, unexpected complications, unexpected infections
factors that increase traveler vulnerability
food, water, sexual contact, animals, different epidemiology of some disease in different climate, incomplete understanding of disease, stress
diseases common world wide
flu, community acquired pneumonias, UTI, meningococcal disease, STD
diseases related to climate/envir
sunburn, heat exhaustion/stroke, dermatophyte infection, folliculitis, cold injury, altitude sickness
diseases controllable by PH measurse
Hep A and E, viral gastroenteritis, traveler's diarrhea, bacterial food poisioning, bacillary dysentery, cholera, amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, helminth infection, HIB, STD, diptheria
diseases associated with mud/water
leptospirosis, hookworms, strongyloidiasis, guinea worms, liver flukes
meningococci vaccine affective against; needed every 3 years
group A and C
most common form of meningococci disease
group B
transmission of cholera
drinking fecally contaminated water, shellfish, infection due to E1 Tor biotype
incubation period of cholera
3-4 days
abrupt diarrhea (watery and brown to pale fluid with cell debris), shock due to fluid loss
cholera
inflammatory mediators associated with fever
IL-1 and 6, TNFa, interferon gamma
3 criteria to dx FUO
lasting at least 3 weeks, fever of more than 38.3/100.9, no dx after routine work up for 3 days
3 major categories of possible causes of FUO
infection, neoplasm, autoimmune
6 minor categories of possible causes of FUO
granulomatous disease, regional enteritis, familial Med fever, drugs, PE, facticious fever
transmission of rat bite fever (Haverhill)
rat bit, contact with fluids, ingestion of contaminated food/water
infected part of body with Haverhill in rodents
upper respiratory tract of rodents
strep moniliformis and spirillum minus cause
haverhill fever
incubation period of moniliformis
7-10 days; most common
incubation of minus
1-4 weeks, relapses
fever, peripheral rash on trunk and extremities (popular or petechial, small pustules), chills, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, splenomegaly, swollen bite site
haverhill
rickettsia rickettsii causes
RMSF
incubation period of RMSF
2-14 days (median 7)
transmission of RMSF
dog ticks, wood ticks, lone star ticks
fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, cough, pneumonitis, rash (macule to large maculopapules and petechiae) that begins in wrist and ankles then spreads to arm/leg/trunk and is absent at onset
RMSF
coxiella burnetii causes
Q fever
reservoirs of Q fever
sheep, goat, cattle, dogs, cats, birds, rodents
transmission to humans of Q fever
inhalation of dust with dry feces, milk and tissue
incubation of Q fever
1-3 weeks
fever, headache, myalgia, nonproductive cough, pneumonitis, endocarditis
Q fever
togavirus causes
dengue fever
reservoir for dengue fever
aedes mosquito
incubation of dengue fever
7-10 days, self limiting after 3-4 days
acute fever, rash in remission phase (maculopapular, petechial from hands/feet to arms/legs/trunk), leucopenia, thrombocytopenia
dengue fever
spirochetes of Borrelia
tick born relapsing fever
transmission of tick born relapsing fever
ticks and lice (louse-borne)
acute fever with spontaneous decline and rise, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegally, chills, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, headache, rashes, delirium
tick borne relapsing fever
most common form of malaria
falciparum and vivax
least common form of malaria
malariae
pathogenesis of malaria
destruction of RBCs
overweight bmi
>25
obese bmi
>30
morbidly obese bmi
>40