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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Line-item Veto
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Authority granted to executives to strike individual items from legislation. Presidents have long asked for the same line-item veto power that governors enjoy. This helps prevent the idea that excess congressional increases our budget deficit.
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Outlays
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expenditures that occur within any give fiscal year. It is only an estimate of the budget authority that will actually be used in any given year.
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Rescissions
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Joint action by the president and congress to take back budge authority. The impoundment Control Act distinguishes between rescissions and deferrals of budget authority: The distinction is roughly between the permanent and temporary suspensions of outlays.
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Stagflation
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A simultaneous increase in inflation and decrease in economic growth, which stymied policymakers in the 1970s. It reached crisis status during Carter administration; the Federal Reserve board sharply tightened the money supply to slow inflation.
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Uncontrollable expenditures
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Outlays required by law, typically for formula based payments to individuals such as social security. The expenditures are not strictly uncontrollable, they can be changed by law, but such changes are difficult and frequently take a long time. Over the years the part of the budget that can be controlled has fallen from 66% in ’65 to 38% in ’07.
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Washington monument ploy
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a tactic used by administrators to shield themselves from budget cuts by threatening to eliminate their most popular programs(like tours) if legislators reduce appropriations. The executive will propose taxes that will never be passed just so the budget appears to be balanced.
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Appropriations
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legislation that commits money to be spent. (Compare Authorizations) Appropriations are different from authorizations due to authorizations putting limits on how much money that can be spent by creating programs
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Authorizations
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legislation that creates programs and puts a limit on the money to be spent managing them (Compare Appropriations) They create programs to set spending limist while appropriations commit money to be spent.
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Black Budget
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the spending authorized for secret government activities. These programs spending is kept secret only from a handful of members of congress. A lot of these programs have secret names, it also keeps the CIA, and department of defenses budget from the public.
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Budget Authority
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legislative approval of programs and the ability to spend money, which must be supported by an appropriation. Three step process one step removed from the bottom line: the revenues the government actually collects, the money it actually spends and the level of deficit.
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Capital Budgets
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The portion of the budget for the with long useful lives, like roads and fire trucks. The GOA has argued that a similar approach by the government would encourage investment for the future.
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Continuing resolutions
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Congressional actions that continue that level of spending after the fiscal year at its current level while congress and the president negotiate the details of a new budget. This combines all governments spending decisions into one huge package, both those continuing programs at current levels with change.
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Debt
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net deficit that accumulates over time.
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Deficit
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the excess of expenditures over revenues in any given fiscal year. With many years of a deficit a debt will be created by a country.
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Earmarks
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Decisions made by legislators and put in appropriations bills to fund narrow, particular projects (pork-barrel projects) Earmarks have increased the power of appropriations due to the no credibility in earmark projects.
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Fiscal year
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The government budget year (October 1 for feds, July 1 for state and local)
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Incrementalism
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A theory that decisions typically are and should be made in small steps, with the opportunity to make adjustments in between. This approach is the basis from bottom up budgeting. Has two implications first, no one really considers the whole budget, the political battle focus on the size of and agency’s increment.
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Surplus
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An excess of revenues over expenditures in any given fiscal year (compare Deficit)
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NIMBY phenomenon
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- The aversion of citizens for projects they precieve will have a direct negative effect on them and their local area. (short for- “not in my Back yard”) This allows governments to incorporate the communities decisions of the federal government so they are supportive.
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Public Choice approach
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A method of decisions making that assumes individuals pursue their self interest and derives propositions about their behavior and the behavior of organizations from this assumption. According to this approach, individuals are the best motivated by market forces. Different from the bargaining approach in that it doesn’t seek maximum political support.
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Satisficing
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A strategy of decision making that seeks a satisfactory. (not necessarily the best or most efficient) alternative. This strategy is an alternative to all other decision making processes do to lack of efficiency.
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Regulatory negotiation sessions
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A strategy of bargaining in which all parties work out a mutually acceptable regulation and, in the process, greatly reduce the chances that the rule will be litigated. The Cuban missile crisis is a prime example of one of these sessions.
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Privatization
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A strategy for turning over public responsibilities to the private sector, either by selling public assets or transferring responsibility to the private sector, or by relying on private companies to supply a good or service through contracts.
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PPBS
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Planning Programming budgeting system) a budgeting system first introduced in the federal government in the early 1960’s, which seeks rational decisions through the identification of goals, developing those goals into programs, and translation the programs into a long term budget plan.
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Externalitiesan
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an economic term referring to indirect benefits and costs beyond the direct costs and benefits of a project. Also called Spillovers
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Bargaining approach
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- a method of making decisions in which parties negotiate their differences. This approach sees to maximize political support.
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Participative decision making approach
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a strategy of decision making that attempts to build support for decisions by including those affected in the decision making process
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Appropriation committees
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committees that manage the annual appropriations process
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Authorizing committee
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standing committees that can initiate, review, and report out bills and resolution in particular subject matter areas
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Legislative Review
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The official term for legislative oversight
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Signing Statement
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Statement signed by the president that contains the administrations interpretation of a law and how it will be enforced.
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Executive Privilege
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the claim by presidents that communication with aides is protected from outside scrutiny, including investigation by congress
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